An off-grid solar system has four main components. A Solar panel, battery pack, charge controller, and an inverter. The diagram below explains how each and component are connected together ina sn off-grid solar power system.

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Solar panels convert solar energy directly to electricity. The principle behind this conversion is photovoltaics.

A solar charge controller manages the power going into the battery bank from the solar array. It ensures that the deep cycle batteries are not overcharged during the day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the batteries.

The solar battery also is known as solar panel battery, solar power battery, or solar battery storage. It refers to devices that store energy generated from the solar panels for later use.

Step 1: Solar Panel

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Make a stand or frame to fix solar panel

Place the solar panel as it is facing the sun

Solar panels convert solar energy directly to electricity. The principle behind this conversion is photovoltaics.

Step 2: Charge Controllers

A solar charge controller manages the power going into the battery bank from the solar array. It ensures that the deep cycle batteries are not overcharged during the day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the batteries. Some charge controllers are available with additional capabilities, like lighting and load control, but managing the power is its primary job.

Step 3: Solar Batteries

All types of solar systems run the connected load in the day time during sunlight and export the extra electricity to solar batteries with off-grid solar systems and hybrid solar systems. Solar batteries work for energy storage generated from solar panels during the day. They save energy as DC energy and therefore, you will need a power inverter to convert DC energy into AC energy.

Step 4: Inverter

Most homes use alternating current (AC) energy, not DC, so the energy produced by your solar panels isn’t useful on its own. When your solar panels collect sunlight and turn it into energy, it gets sent to the inverter, which takes the DC energy and turns it into AC energy.

Step 5: Control Panel

The control panel consists of

Isolators
Switch box

The output of the solar panel will be connected to the charge controllers. Charge controllers are used to protecting the battery from getting overcharged or over-discharged. This setup will increase the efficiency and life of the battery. During the daytime power from the solar panel will pass through an inverter and get directly converted to 230v AC which is the ideal working voltage of almost all the electrical applications. But in a DC-based solar system, there's no need to convert the DC voltage to AC.