These collars are found in a variety of applications large and small, this particular one came out of a broken flatbed scanner. I've seen variants with bearings on the inside ring allowing full rotation in industrial settings and small hobby ones used for axles.
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It's called a Rigid coupling shaft collar
http://www.directindustry.com/prod/misumi/rigid-couplings-shaft-collars-32592-390652.html
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