Build a Greenland Kayak

This instructible will teach you how to build a 17 foot long Greenland kayak that will weigh between 30 and 40 pounds and cost less than $300 in materials. Compare that with the 45 to 60 pound weight and $1000 to $3000 of a commercial plastic kayak.

The Greenland kayak is one of dozens of different Arctic kayak designs that uses skin on frame technology. In skin on frame technology you build a lightweight frame by pegging and lashing together pieces of wood and then covering the frame with a skin. The result is a boat that is light and yet strong.

Total time to build a Greenland boat the first time around is about 100 hours. That doesn't count time spent buying or collecting materials.

This instructible is fairly long so I've broken it up into a number of sections.Besides this intro, there will be the following sections.
Preparing the gunwales
Building the deck
Adding the keelson, stem and stern
Adding the ribs
Adding the hull and deck stringers
Sewing on & painting the skin

Skin on frame building is fairly easy and does not require either fancy tools or great wood-working skills. Skin on frame boat builders in the Arctic were hunters first and boatbuilders second. Everybody built their own boat. There were no professional boat builders and so the technology was at a level that was accessible to everyone.

And for pictures of more Greenland kayaks in action go to the qajaqusa website.

Step 1: Skin on frame technology is adaptable

Once you have built a Greenland kayak using skin on frame technology, you will have picked up enough knowledge to build other styles of skin on frame kayaks using only drawings as a resource. One place to get these drawings is David Zimmerly's web site.

http://www.arctickayaks.com/plans.htm

But you aren't limited to original skin on frame designs for the boats you build. Pretty much any small boat design can be adapted to skin on frame construction. For instance, I built the canoe shown below using skin on frame construction. The originals of this type was an Ojibway birch bark canoe.
Or you can go small and ultralight and make yourself a 20 pound boat that you can hold up with one hand.

Comments

[wintergreens]

Last year I bought all the wood I need to build this kayak. It's quite hard to find the right wood in my area (The Netherlands) and especiallly the better quality. Nevertheless I found some reasonable good pieces and the guys from the lumber yard helped me out great by doing much of the sawing. So I was pretty much all set to start building... until I found out that both two pieces of wood for the gunwales broke in half on one big *ss knot. Now I could go to the whole proces again and search for some better pieces of wood. Or I could try to solve this with some high-tech fixing... I was thinking like a proven connection method for wood combined with some epoxy/glass. What do you guys think, any chance of working out OK?

[nativewater]

The accepted way to fix or to simply make longer pieces of wood out of shorter ones is to scarf them. Search for scarf joints on the internet. Here is a typical link.
http://www.glen-l.com/supplies/pxman-apscarf.html
Be sure you have at least an 8 to 1 ratio of overlap to the thickness of your wood for a secure structural joint. This is for a face to face scarf. If you have deep gunwales, say 3-1/2 inches deep, you can also do edge to edge scarfs which require no glue. You can see one of these here.
http://www.boatdesign.net/forums/boat-building/scarf-strength-question-40707.html
The only problem with scarfing is that you lose some length due to the overlap.
I would not attempt to do a butt joint and glass over that because it will most likely break again. I would also avoid doing a butt joint and glue a facing piece of wood over the joint because that would change the stiffness of the piece in that region.

[uglycitrus]

I finished building a kayak according to your instructables, and it's awesome. Thanks again for the diligence you put into this instructable. Unfortunately this is now my first time kayaking, and I can't figure out how to eskimo roll. Any advice on learning how? I feel like maybe my legs and hips might have too much room so snapping my hips isn't working. Any suggestions on what to use for padding? I was thinking about cutting up some noodles and putting those on the back rest, knee rest, and some where down by my hips.

[nativewater]

check youtube or http://qajaqusa.org/Movies/movies.html for some rolling videos. Yes, foam noodles can be used to pad out your boat.

[uglycitrus]

Thanks!

[OruKun]

Its a sad day to have to tell you... but they no longer offer any woodshop, or garage/workshop of tha nature in most public schools anymore.... Well the ones in the cities that are drastically cutting budgets. But Id renttools from Ace hardware... But Im in the proccess of making one out of pvc to check if its similarly as strong as wood, Im concluding it wont, but im doing it just to have a kayak without having to deal with more than 4 tools... And to explore options, gotta love options on materials to use.

[toddchristensen]

What Kayak would you recommend building for The lower American river in Ca. The river is mainly class 1 and 2 with occasional class 3. This Kayak would be for my 11 y/o son. We would like to make it together.

[nativewater]

I would recommend something like this boat, a ten footer.
http://wolfgangbrinck.com/boats/tales/playboat.html

[toddchristensen]

Thank you for the recommendation. How do you compare the skin kayak to the stitch and glue type. Is there any advantage or disadvantage to either method?

[nativewater]

plywood might be more resistant to beating on rocks. Aside from that, stitch and glue requires plans or a pattern or some experience in developing patterns for cutting out the plywood. After that it's a bunch of fiberglassing, sanding and varnishing. That might be enjoyable but I don't know since I've never tried it.
Skin on frame designs can be modified on the fly since you fit each new piece to what is already there. Very little detailed design work is required. Also very little epoxy and sanding.

[Sharp_Tack]

Nice!

[franztek73]

Thanks for posting. I used your technique for shaping the gunwales on my kayak and it worked beautifully. Total cost for my Kayak was around $60 thanks to some freecycling.

[nativewater]

Great price. $60 is probably close to a record low cost.

[AlbinoMoose308]

actually i'm making a similar one for about $5 with a plastic bag skin and some scrap wood

[wintergreens]

Thanks a lot man! Being in the process of thinking ahead it seems usefull to me to create some kind of mounting point, something like a tripod mount. This to mount several things on as I do on my bike (e.g. bottle, light, map, gps, compass etc.) I wonder what other peoples thoughts are and how this can be accomplished and/or already has been done.

[nativewater]

The kind of mount you use depends on where you paddle. Check with what other people in your area are doing if there are any doing kayaking. In surf or rough water, stuff on deck becomes a liability and can easily get washed off. But in more benign conditions mounting stuff on deck is doable. Since the skin is flexible, any kind of deck mount should be supported by some kind of framework under the skin.

[wintergreens]

Thanks a lot for this wonderful guide! What are your thoughts on using 'balistic nylon' as skin material?

[wintergreens]

I'm very impressed by the durability of BALLISTIC nylon (8 oz):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYyvIExWkqU
The skin is sealed with a two-part polyurethane.

Are other skin types (regular nylon / polyester) as durable as ballistic nylon? What kind of coating is used for polyester? Thanks.

[nativewater]

durability is more or less a function of weight. Ballistic nylon is called that because they used to use it for flack jackets. They now use kevlar. The two part urethane will work on polyester as well. Polyester has less stretch than nylon so will not move out of the way of impact as readily as nylon. But you can go with heavier weights of polyester without worrying about shrinking skin warping the frame. You need to be careful with nylon in excess of 8 oz.

[nativewater]

yes, nylon works. I've used it. 8oz is a good weight. Nylon expands when wet and cold and contracts when warm. So it loosens up when in the water. This works against it. Corey Freedman and George Dyson both sell nylon. You can search for them on the internet.
Polyester is more stable but harder to work with because it has no stretch. So you have to sew some darts in the skin to get it to cover the kayak without wrinkles. You can shrink polyester with heat before you paint it. Once in place, the polyester does not expand and contract as much as the nylon, so that's good.

[landsharkxx]

Can I fish in it? Also would aligators be a problem?

[nativewater]

you can probably fish from any kayak although you would probably want a fairly wide and stable kayak for fishing.
I have no experience with aligators and cannot tell you whether they would be a problem.

[anyusername]

Thanks, a lot for your articles. i'll start this project very soon. Just wonder something: does the model include any kind of seat or at least backrest?
Greetings from Chile

[nativewater]

I use a foam rubber mat as a seat. My back is supported by the back of the coaming. But some people install back bands for extra support.
search for kayak back band and you will see lots of samples like this:

http://www.coloradochaps.com/kayak_accessories.html

[armored bore]

After about three months and ~400$, mine is done!

http://i339.photobucket.com/albums/n461/julieandcandy/76986_1609303625744_1030826900_31648388_2363298_n.jpg

I have to say this project is within reach of anyone who knows which end to hold a handsaw by. I can't wait to make another one!

[nativewater]

Nice job. and it floats.have fun.

[nativewater]

I don't have time to do a canoe instructable right now, but it's a good suggestion. You might also want to search on the name Tim Anderson. He has an instructable on a skin on frame outrigger canoe.

[funkybassman105]

Would you mind making an instructable for that canoe? I'd love to make one but I can't quite figure out how to skin it.

[nativewater]

The skin on open boats was usually stretched over the gunwales. A seam was necessary only at the bow and stern. The edges of the skin were laced to a batten attached to the ribs on the inside of the boat. Leather laces were run through holes in the edge of the skin.
Fabric works a little differently. You could tack it to the outside of the gunwale and trim it flush at the top, then screw or nail a batten to cover the tacks. This is how wood and canvas canoes were covered.
In the canoe pictured, I attached the skin by putting grommets to the edge of it and lacing it to the batten on the inside of the hull. See here for some pictures:
http://wolfgangbrinck.com/boats/tales/ojibwaycanoe.html

[armored bore]

Aside from the bending portions for the gunwales and ribs, this looks very doable even for an amateur like me! How hard do you suppose it would be to add a mount for a canopy? I'd love to make one for my wife, and that would be a great addition to protect her from the wrath of the Flame Orb (or "Sun" as it's popularly called)

[nativewater]

adding a canopy mount wouldn't be that hard. But if you added a canopy to the boat, you would have to make the boat wider, probably thirty inches plus so the wind doesn't knock the boat over. or you might want to add an outrigger to the kayak or inside ballast. The Greenland kayak in its original configuration is relatively unstable so adding a canopy without modifying the basic design would be an invitation for disaster. Keep in mind that a skin on frame kayak is very light and narrow compared to traditional wooden boats so adding any superstructure would raise the center of gravity to unstable heights.

[starrydynamo]

My dad built one of these canoes; held up great until we scraped on a rock in a reservoir--thank god for duct tape! We've been talking about making a pair of kayaks, I will definitely keep this ible in mind! Thanks!

[nativewater]

modern materials are pretty tough.  And duct  tape is always a fallback. Skin on frame has its limitations, but overall, very good technology.

[Quiksilver2693]

I don't like the idea of taking this through rapids.

[nativewater]

It's a sea kayak. It's too long for rivers. You want a short plastic boat for rapids, one that turns easily. But before there were plastic boats, people used to take fiberglass boats on rivers. Skin on frame is at least as strong as that construction. So theoretically, you could build a skin on frame river kayak. But nobody bothers because plastic can take more abuse.

[graeme.t.cooper]

Robert Morris also has some whitewater skin on frame kayaks. One of which, the alaskan retrieval, I'm currently in the process of "skinning" using a thick canvas, instead the suggested 15 oz nylon.

[nativewater]

Yeah, that's a nice little boat. I built one for my wife but she doesn't like that it turns on a dime and takes effort to keep going straight. Soon as I get a chance, I'm going to add a skeg to it so it tracks better. You can make one of these at about 20 pounds. Very easy to carry and accelerates quickly. Has no glide but will go up to 4.5 mph. 15 oz nylon seems like overkill. Does Morris really recommend that? I've been using 8 oz more recently since the heavier stuff tends to warp frames when it shrinks in hot weather. But if you do river boating, heavier fabric might be good for beating the boat into rocks.

[graeme.t.cooper]

ya, for the "canadian" canoe and the recovery/retrieval kayaks, he recommends the heavier nylon for rocks and branches and what-not. I have canvas kickin around, so I'm gonna be cheap and use that instead.

[sean13]

Hi there. Last year I built a retrieval kayak from the Morris book; I covered it in canvas, which makes for an abrasion-resistant skin after a few layers of polyurethane. I think you will find it very satisfactory. However, I've used 10oz nylon on a subsequent boat - and will likely continue with it as it is much easier to stretch and sew! It is not that much more expensive either.

[Quiksilver2693]

That makes sense now. What type would be best for Lake Superior, rivers, and exploring small caves?

[nativewater]

There isn't a single boat to do all things well. Generally, you would want a sea kayak for lake Superior and a whitewater kayak for rivers. But if the rivers are class I or class II, you can handle them with a sea kayak. Conversely, people use white water kayaks for surfing big water. As for caves, I'm not sure what kind you mean. I've been in the Sea caves around Pictured Rocks on Lake Superior in a sea kayak. You just don't want to go in them when there are waves.

[Quiksilver2693]

Okay. Thanks. =]

[Scott Hadley]

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[Scott Hadley]

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[nativewater]

some people have. more comments on other pages. This thing comes in 7 parts.

[Kayakguy]

Excellent guide on building such a beautiful Kayak. I am an avid kayak builder and put together my own site with information on different types of kayaks and how to build them. Kayaking is so much fun and its something I am really passionate about. Build Beautiful KayaksBuild Beautiful Kayaks

[camperken]

I built one of these about 10 years ago. Great experience and it was so quiet paddling in the lake I lived on at the time. Don't be afraid to try making one. Its just one step at a time

[sleahcim]

I would like to also add my appreciation for such a comprehensive guide on building the Greenland Kayak. You've ignited a fire (I understand this is a common occurrence for other builders as well) that will become a new passion of mine. I've already begun to assemble my materials and hope to have my first kayak built by spring. I've spent the last few days (countless hours) searching out other resources for building similar kayaks and found yours to be the most detailed, well explained and illustrated. And best of all it's free. I really appreciate all of the hard work you've done to put this together. Thanks a million.

[DELETED_AndrewTheImpaler]

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[trooperrick]

I second that.

[skuthorp]

I'm looking at the lack of leg space forward and the small cockpit. I've already decided to adjust both and dome the deck somewhat forward to make life a little more comfortable. I'll build a boat with a flatter midships section for SWMBO as she's a novice at this but only 43 Kilos. I'll probably start her with sponsons till she get's used to it. I'm 75K but I'm used to a K1 and paddling a decked canoe in a seaway so the narrowness shouldn't worry me too much.

[teamcoltra]

I don't want to "nit pick" but i just wanted to inform you there are 15 "names to know" you didn't give "risers" a number (its the second word) under nominclature. otherwise GREAT instructable... I hope to be able to do this one soon.

[nativewater]

Thanks for pointing that out. I made it 1a. Too lazy to renumber everything.

[nativewater]

Robert Morris has some details in his book called Skin-On-Frame Boatbuilding. See Amazon dot com
http://www.amazon.com/Building-Skin-Frame-Robert-Morris/dp/0881791911/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209999278&sr=8-1

[cico0815]

Hi! I'm going to build the "Guillemot Stitch and Glue Version" from Nick Schade as a Skin on Frame version but I really like your "HowTo"! Thanks a lot for it! What I also like to ask you is where to find a plan for that quite nice looking playboat shown in the picture! I think that would be nice for my son! :-) Best regards, Heiko

[Chil]

Wolfgang, Great Instructable! I have been following your superb instructions and will soon be the proud owner of a complete skin over frame Kayak ( I started a week ago and am now ready for step 6!). I shortened my frame by two feet and eliminated 2 deck beams (I have 9) but otherwise have followed your instructions closely. I had been researching this type of Kayak for a couple of months but still had some unanswered questions. You answered them ALL! Thanks for all your hard work. Jon

[Charlie1138]

This is incredible! Thank you so much for sharing this!

[osun]

This is fantastic and has made the process quite clear. Even though I have all the books on SOF building your pictures and words bring the process alive.

My question is this:

You size the boat for you:
(6ft, 220lbs, size 12 feet) => so 21 to 22 wide

How do you know that you will get enough "freeboard" and not a submarine? I am looking for around 2-2.5 inches of freeboard. Thanks for any help.

[nativewater]

If you make the boat six inches wider than your hips and the depth described in the instructable, you will not get a submarine. Go to my website http://www.wolfgangbrinck.com/boats/ and check out the picture of three guys in kayaks. The guy in the middle weighs 300 pounds. Adequate freeboard. I think the beam on his boat was 23 inches.

[sardines454]

this is incredible. did you come up with this idea on your own or did some one teach you?

[nativewater]

I built my first Greenland kayak following sketchy instructions in a book I ordered from Denmark. Lots of details were missing so I had to do a lot of improvisation. Later I met some other people who built these kinds of boats and learned some additional tricks in addition to what I had figured out on my own and gotten out of the book.

[dsetzer]

I just read through the set of Instructables... pretty much killed my last few hours (whoops). The only thing I'd really ask is for a comprehensive list of materials and tools collected into 1 place. Great job - I'm sure this took a tremendous amount of time to put together!

[nativewater]

Good suggestion re the comprehensive materials and tools list. I'll work on that.

[Vidar_76]

And by the way, its fun to see our swedish morakniv being used in America! :-) Now they make many other models but that one is the most usable knife.

[nativewater]

I bought that knife in the 70's and it's still going strong. I think there might be a moral in there. I think the moral is that if you buy good hand tools they last a lifetime. Actually, they will outlast you. Your relatives will be selling them at a garage sale when you die unless you teach someone else in your family how to use them.

[Vidar_76]

Really nice instructable! I build one two years ago, used cotton canvas and coloured lineseed oil. Spent about 120 hours and $150, im quite good at finding free or cheap stuff :-) Looking forward to se the rest of your instructable.

[jodybaker]

I built one of these using Bob Boucher's video "Build Your Own Sea Kayak." Beautiful boats, great to paddle and you should go out and build one. This looks like a great instructable. 100 hours and $300 seems a little optimistic, though. I spent way more time and a lot more money getting quality lumber, good canvas and I spent about 2 full weeks on it.

[ledzep567]

really? how much did you spend on the canvas?? art stores carry it in rolls for around $40 USD

[nativewater]

optimistic on the time, yeah, maybe. The first kayak I made was a Greenland type and I had very little guidance for how to do it. Took a total of 6 months for me to finish the boat. But they go faster now. It's a matter of coming to an understanding of wood and the building process and once you have that, the boats go together more or less effortlessly and time ceases to be an issue. As for expense, it depends on where you buy your supplies. I suppose you could pay more than $300, though I usually pay less.

[kadris3]

wow. excellent job. i've also heard of using aircraft dacron and canvas to make them. canvas took 10 coats of latex paint. it gave a rubberized fabric which was almost industructable. the hull has the traditional sea kayak curves. beautiful in my mind. X

[callmeshane]

Hi I understand that there are "benefits and drawbacks" or "Pro's and Con's" to everything, - be it material and design. This is why aircraft fly high and fast - and fall apart easily, and tanks are slow, don't fly but are fairly robust. The first kayak I ever bought was a plastic hulled step in design cockpit, made for touring lakes and all that, with easy access and exciting. 2 weeks later I did a solo 750Km trip down the river Murray in Australia..... (brilliant) Since I am quite adverse to the idea of skinned hulls tearing and sinking, wayyyyyyy out in the middle of the ocean... and bobbing around until I bob no more... The bonus of having a VERY light and strong boat appeals to me greatly. But having done much leather work and all - the ease of putting major rips in the hull on snags - ummmm well I do I like some swimming, but not alot of swimming. I am quite interested in building said craft... but I'd like to go for a "skin" that is quite tear resistant - I'd like to use something like thin kevlar sail off cuts from a sail makers...... Do you know or can recomend any rip or tear resistant alternatives to skin? Cheers Shane Brilliant boats tho...

[bryanhansel]

Most of these modern SOF kayaks use ballistic nylon, which if very durable. This is a fun and easy project. When I built one, I used Jr. Ballistic and never managed to put a hole in it.

[nativewater]

Correct, as Bryan points out, the nylon is quite strong. 10 oz nylon is strong enough that you can't drive a screwdriver through it. And if you're really worried, you can get higher weights, up to 23 oz. But with heavier nylon you would have to build a heavier frame because nylon shrinks out in the sun and will warp a light weight wooden frame. I haven't worked with kevlar, though I suspect that it has no stretch which is what makes it suitable for sails, but hard to get a tight fit on to a convex hull like a kayak. You would probably have to sew a lot of darts into the skin. Nylon is nice because it stretches and you can get a good tight fit on the boat.

[RabidAlien]

Wicked lookin craft!!! Wife and I both enjoy kayaking, this would kick the butt of every plastic kayak on the lake! You wouldn't happen to have this saved in a PDF for off-line browsing, would you?

[DELETED_outdoorsman2014]

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[nativewater]

If you can get someone to help with the powertools, maybe you won't have to wait till you're 15. A lot of the steps can be done with hand tools.

[joren]

Cool into. I'd be interested to see more on your experience with building these (i.e. step by step or problems encountered)

For those interested in DIY kayaking, be sure to check out http://www.yostwerks.com/ . Non-traditional greenlands, folding and inflatables. Really cool stuff.

[nativewater]

The step by step is coming.

[Kiteman]

An extremely promising start.

[Ferrite]

Looks like this will be a good series of Instructables. I was thinking about buying a book about building this type of kayak after seeing the kayak in your Instructable on drift wood collecting, but I guess I won't have to now:)

[nagutron]

These boats are beautiful to look at. I love how the skeleton is visible through the skin. Can't wait to see the rest of the series.

[GorillazMiko]

amazing! my dad likes to kayak, and so do I and friends.