How to wire an arduino-based 3-axis CNC machine

I've seen a number of tutorials about how to build the platform for a 3-axis CNC milling machine.  I have not seen anyone tackle the tricky subject of the electronics.

Here now is my attempt to do so.

Step 1: Parts

You'll need:

- an arduino. I chose duemilanova. (depends on the board you get)
- 3 stepper motors.  I chose NEMA 17s . ($15/ea)
- 3 EasyDrivers from Sparkfun . ($15/ea)
- some Cat5 ($2?)
- a 12V power supply for the steppers ($5?)
- a soldering iron
- some electrical tape
- an optional female plug is not a bad idea (<$1)

TIP: Don't get a 6ft or 10ft Cat5 cable.  Buy your cat5 by the foot from any computer or electronics store. That stuff has one wire inside instead of lots of little fibers.  Little fibers are a huge pain to work with. 

Comments

[Music_Man608]

Very well said. I'm a noob and need serious help. If you don't mind, I'll compile a list on the programming side of things since I only plan to engrave my business name and phone number on keys. Thanks a bunch. Btw, I love this tutorial.

[qw623]

I'll hopefully be able to release a schematic/EAGLE file for a complete self containing driver using an Arduino, 3 easy drivers along with maybe an Ethernet shield. Thanks for the instructions, now I have something to go off of!

[MakeItWithJason]

You, sir, are a bada$$.

Thanks.

[nreed4]

Could you add a fourth stepper motor to pins 1 and 2? Could you also control a heatbed and an extruder (nichrome wire), because I am trying to build a 3d printer. Also how do you control the z-axis with only one motor.

[junkrigsailor]

Thanks. I still don't understand how you program the Arduino to understand G code. Could you please go into a little more detail? Or post another Instructable?
Sorry I seem so ignorant and lost. It's because I am. I'm trying to learn this as a 65 year old guy who grew up in a world where things like Arduinos were beyond our wildest imaginings.

[aggrav8d]

try http://www.github.com/i-make-robots/drawbot/ or
http://www.github.com/i-make-robots/delta-robot/ . Both are robots that listen to gcode from the serial connection and then do...things.

[junkrigsailor]

How does the Arduino know which way and which motor from the G code via USB? Does it just natively "speak" G code?

[aggrav8d]

I program my arduino to understand gcode, then figure out which motor to move (and which direction) based on the gcode instructions.
A good example of a system I built with two motors is my polargraph drawing robot, the Makelangelo: www.marginallyclever.com/drawbot

[Lee_Smith]

is there any reason why the delay has to increase between rising edges? would it be fine if you left it at 160? also how does i<3400 come out to 4000 microsteps?

Sorry for all the questions but i'm very fascinated in this for my arduino. Also I am in the process control and automation field professionally and for max torque out of stepper motors it is best to keep them running at lower speeds. Depending on your power supply voltage just about anything over 10 revs/second starting dropping torque considerably.

[aggrav8d]

The changing speed is only to demonstrate the effect on the stepper.

[aggrav8d]

Lee - I think you've spotted a few typos in my code. thanks for that!

[m4r7in]

Hey, awesome tutorial but have you got any idea how to connect it without the easyDriver? (any helpfull sources would be great too!)
Thanks!

[aggrav8d]

I also use an Adafruit Motor Shield, and sometimes I'll use a RAMPS arduino shield depending on my budget. When I first made this tutorial I didn't know about those other, already available boards.

[pmaz545]

I have yet to purchase the Arduino and Drivers; however, I successfully downloaded the code, and verified it in the IDE.

1) I plan to use software and create g-code
2) how do I set that part up? When plugging the software, via USB through my computer, will it just work?

[aggrav8d]

I would suggest looking into GRBL. It might need some tweaking. Good luck!

[MisterBusiness]

Awesome.

[Dave Sehl]

Can this be donde with an adafruit motor shield like this
http://www.adafruit.com/category/products/81
and one easy driver? I already have the motor shield

[aggrav8d]

Actually, I built a skycam that using two adafruit shields and some custom software. Note that they were not always 100% in sync but for slow movements it made no difference.

for more info check out http://www.marginallyclever.com/2012/08/skycam-assembly-gallery-and-robot-debugging/ . I'm also selling this as one of my kits now.

[Dave Sehl]

Looks cool

[JesusB]

I'm new to all of this so I'm having a hard time finding out where the 5 out goes to. Thanks for your time!

[pfred2]

Seems a little weak and slow to me. What does the Arduino do for you? CNC machines I am familiar with don't have a microcontroller and just connect drivers up directly to microcomputers. I got the PC I use for free. My stuff runs better than what I'm seeing here.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgbeyNNBZ68

That is cooking with some gas.

In case you didn't get enough:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHPKaHLzXes

I put up two articles on this site about how I did it:

http://www.instructables.com/id/TB6560-Microstepping-Bipolar-Chopper-Stepper-Motor/


http://www.instructables.com/id/Parallel-Port-Break-Out-Board-BOB/

Ain't no thang but a chicken wing. I mean come on.

[aggrav8d]

Hi! I see you're trying to piggyback on my instructable and demonstrate your insecurities in the same breath. That's really ambitious of you!

If you'd like to get a larger readership, use more positive language and lower the barrier to adoption - add a list of parts, where you can get them, and how much they'll cost. Explain schematics for those who haven't learned to read them. Remember most people on instructables are here because they don't know how. If they could play at your level, what would they need your lesson for? If they can't play at your level, how is talking down to them going to help?

I look forward to not hearing from you again, as I imagine it will be more of the same. You've made a great first impression. Please don't do it again.

Have a nice day!

[PaulMakesThings]

Some might see this as rude, but as I see it, competitiveness is part of the spirit of innovation. I often see an instructable with a method I think is not as good as mine and want to do a post like this. While it may seem rude its actually helpful to people like me who came here looking for home CNC driver plans, who can take or leave alternatives suggested. So thanks.

I don't mean this as a put down to this instructable though, even if this option is not chosen it's good to see how it would be done.

[brute4x4]

its strange when i use this code 2 of my 3 steppers stall. but when i connect all my steppers to the same 2 dir/step pins( that work) they all work.. i've tried changing the output pins but have the same outcome.

any idea what could cause this?

when i had grbl installed it did the exact same thing. i think i may have messed up my arduino.

side note i have tested all driver boards and steppers in different configurations everthing is working just not all together at once.

[aggrav8d]

I would double check you have enough amperage to drive everything at once.

[muhsien5806]

Sir
I've copied and pasted this code into an Arduino sketch, but when verifying, I get an error message that "easydriver does not name a type". How do I rectify this?

[aggrav8d]

I can't imagine how you are getting that error. Are you sure you've copied it correctly? You may have a problem with line endings.

[niksa77]

(removed by author or community request)

[aggrav8d]

650ma maybe too low for one motor. Check rating. NEMA17 need peak 2A.

[niksa77]

(removed by author or community request)

[bufalloo]

I'm still confused. I'm having trouble finding how to interpret G-code to the stepper drivers. If possible, could you give me some pointers on how to find some sample code to do this? For example, could this be configured to be used with replicatorg for 3d printing?

[aggrav8d]

http://www.instructables.com/id/100-Mural-drawing-robot-also-works-as-a-giant-et/

open source code for this other tutorial does it.

[acl9865]

Hey,
When I bought my arduino it came with a 9v wall wart. I have a variable DC power supply at home, what voltage would you recommend supplying to the Nema 17's?

[aggrav8d]

ask whoever sold you the NEMA17s. I run two of them for my latest project at 12v2a with no trouble. I'd guess 12v and 1a for each.

[acl9865]

Ok thanks. Did you end up building a frame for yours? I'm trying to find the most cost effective way of providing linear motion. Rack and pinion is pricey, all thread gets mixed reviews. Would you recommend 1 motor on each side of my longest length to prevent binding from one side being powered while the other isn't?

[aggrav8d]

I would ask the real CNC experts at CNCZone.com, they'll know a lot more than I would.

[happytriger2000]

Hi,
I'm getting this "avrdude: stk500_getsync(): not in sync: resp=0x00" right after uploading it to my Arduino Duemilanov, what does it mean?, is the uploading completed fully?

[aggrav8d]

"The most common cause of this error (IMO) used to be people choosing the Duemilanove 128 when they had the newer Duemilanove 328. Click on -> and make sure you have the right board chosen, and try again."

-- http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1248528012/all
-- http://www.google.ca/search?q=avrdude%3A+stk500_getsync%28%29%3A+not+in+sync%3A+resp%3D0x00&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

[happytriger2000]

Hiya,
I took a screenshot of the chosen borad = arduino Duemilanove w/ AT328, opent attachment.
Actually I was looking for the Gcode interpreter code, but not sure if the above code is the right one. I want Arduino to accept Gcode and run the Stepper motor. I have a Arduino borad, a PMDX 122 board 3 x 3phase stepper Driver w/ Motor, power supply ready, and the code which I haven't figure out yet.

thanks

[happytriger2000]

Oops, the code provided was only a sample code to run stepper motor, sorry my fault.