iImage Information

What do you do if you remove an old toilet and discover that the closet bolts are rusted out, there is no closet flange, and the waste line is made of terra cotta? You could pay someone $$$$$ to jack hammer out half of your basement floor and connect up to the terra cotta. You could tapcon the toilet bowl to the floor with a rope of plumber's putty like they did in the old days. OR you can do what I did . . .
DISCLAIMER: I am not a licensed plumber. I am not responsible if you injure yourself, cause damage to your property, or violate your local plumbing code.
Step 1The Problem(s)
iImage Information

Those brown spots above and below the drain pipe are the rusted remains of the closet bolts. I hacksawed the nubs so they were flush with the floor.
The mouth of the terra cotta (or clay) drain pipe is about 7" in diameter. The holes to mount a typical flange line up with the lip of the clay pipe and it wouldn't hold the flange.
Twist-N-Set® Cast Iron Replacement Closet Flange
Still an excellent instructable.