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Pulse Width Modulated LED Torch

Step 3Relaxation Oscillator Output

Relaxation Oscillator Output
The clock signal can either be connected directly to a single LED, but this will not allow the LED to be controlled by an external logic source. It can instead be easier to feed this output to the base of a transistor, and then use the transistor to switch the LED on and off.

The potential divider on the input of the transistor is to reduce the output of the relaxation oscillator, since in it's off state, it will still output 2v. This needs to be reduced to below 0.7v in order to not to switch on the transistor, otherwise the LED will remain on constantly and cook.
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Author:mathews