Introduction: The Octo-phonic Synthesizer
The Octo-phonic Synthesizer is a polyphonic synthesizer that is able to produce eight tones that in the end, creates a musical scale. Inspiration for this creation came from this project. I like to think of it as an electronic organ. I used the core foundation of blinkyblinky's idea, but also focused more in detail to the craftsmanship of the housing of the actual synthesizer and the other parts. This project is made possible by using the Arduino micro-controller. Joe Marshall wrote the code for this project.
PARTS/TOOLS NEEDED
- Arduino Uno micro-controller
- Copper plating of some kind I used copper-plated fiberglass boards, since they can be cut relatively easily)
- Something to use as the base unit for the synthesizer (I used a cut of a floor molding)
- Epoxy (I used 5-minute epoxy)
- Headers (1 six-pin male header, 1 two-pin male header, 1 4-pin male header)
- 1 barrel plug-to-9-volt-battery coupling
- 1 9-volt battery
- sandpaper
- wire
- speaker(s)
- utility knife
- box of some kind to house arduino and speaker (I used a wooden, craft storage box)
- spray paint
- soldering gun
- solder
- velcro strips
Attachments
Step 1: Step 1 - Copper Keys
Cut your copper plates to the size that you desire. Since I was trying to make something similar in size to piano keys, I cut mine about 2 cm wide, by about 10 cm long. However, as long as all of your 8 copper keys can fit on your base unit, the size is up to you. Once you cut your copper keys to size, take a medium-grade sandpaper and sand the rough edges so the keys are smooth to the touch.
Step 2: Step 2 - Base
Depending on the size of your copper keys, use a base that is large enough for the keys to be placed on with room in between. I used a 14-inch cut of floor molding. I chose the floor molding because it would fit my keys and the look was appealing as well. If there are any rough edges to your base (if you had cut it), sand it down to a nice, smooth look. Then, spray paint the base to a color of your choosing. I chose black for that simple, elegant look.
Step 3: Step 3 - Soldering the Headers
Take your wire and cut 8, identical-in-length wires. Mine were about 11 inches long each. (If you are using different colored wire, but will like to ultimately have the wire be the same color, I advise painting them now. I learned the hard way and had to painstakingly paint the wires after i soldered keys to my base.) Strip each end. Taking one end of the wire, solder the wire to the end of the copper key. Do this for all 8 copper keys. Take 2 of the keys, and solder them to the 2-pin male header. Take the remaining 6 keys and solder them to the 6-pin male header.
Step 4: Place and Glue the Keys to the Base
Place all the keys on the base to decide the ending placement of the keys. Mark the spot for each key on the base, while allowing space in between each key to avoid a short. Make sure that you place the keys attached to the 2-pin header on the far left, then going from left to right, the other keys in order so that they are soldered to on the 6-pin header. This is to create the musical scale. Using the epoxy, dab a small amount to the underside of each key, and immediately place the keys on their designated spot. On the arduino, the 2-pin header will go in DIgital Input 6 & 7, and the 6-pin header will go in Analog Input 0-5.
Step 5: The Speaker
Strip the input wire of your speaker to separate the positive (+) and negative (-) wires from each other. I found out which one was which by taking off the plastic encasement of the speaker, and looking at the actual metal part of the speaker, where each wire is soldered to it. In my case, the red wire was positive, and the white wire was negative. Allowing for some overall wire length from the speaker, solder the ends of the positive and negative wires to the farthest left pin and farthest right pin of a 4-pin male header. On the arduino, the positive pin will go into Digital Input 11, and the negative pin to ground (GND), next to the Digital Inputs.
Step 6: Code
Connect your arduino to your computer. Upload the code below to your arduino.
// OCTOSynth-0.2
//
// Joe Marshall 2011
// Resonant filter based on Meeblip (meeblip.noisepages.com)
// Interrupt setup code based on code by Martin Nawrath (http://interface.khm.de/index.php/lab/experiments/arduino-dds-sinewave-generator/)
// oscillators and inline assembler optimisation by me.
//
// key input is from 8 capacitive inputs on digital input 6,7, and analog inputs 0-6
// each input is a single wire, going to something metal to touch
// (I used a bunch of big carriage bolts)
//
// sensing of this is done by getNoteKeys, using the method described at:
// http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Code/CapacitiveSensor
//
// I use assembler with an unrolled loop using 16 registers to detect this
// this makes things much more accurate than the C loop described on the link above
// as we are measuring the relevant delay in single processor cycles.
// It seems to be happy even with battery power, detecting up to 8 concurrent
// touches.
// The waves are all defined at the very top, because we are forcing them to align to 256 byte boundaries
// doing this makes the oscillator code quicker (as calculating a wave offset is just
// a matter of replacing the low byte of the address).
// Having said that, other arduino stuff probably gets loaded in here first
// because the aligned attribute seems to add a couple of hundred bytes to the code
#define TEST_PATTERN_INTRO
//#define FILTER_LPF_NONE
#define FILTER_LPF_HACK
// table of 256 sine values / one sine period / stored in flash memory
char sine256[256] __attribute__ ((aligned(256))) = {
0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 45 ,
48 , 51 , 54 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 65 , 67 , 70 , 73 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 85 , 87 ,
89 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 98 , 100 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 116 ,
117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 125 , 126 , 126 , 126 , 126 , 126 ,
127 , 126 , 126 , 126 , 126 , 126 , 125 , 125 , 124 , 123 , 123 , 122 , 121 , 120 , 119 , 118 ,
117 , 116 , 114 , 113 , 112 , 110 , 108 , 107 , 105 , 103 , 102 , 100 , 98 , 96 , 94 , 91 ,
89 , 87 , 85 , 82 , 80 , 78 , 75 , 73 , 70 , 67 , 65 , 62 , 59 , 57 , 54 , 51 ,
48 , 45 , 42 , 39 , 36 , 33 , 30 , 27 , 24 , 21 , 18 , 15 , 12 , 9 , 6 , 3 ,
0 , -3 , -6 , -9 , -12 , -15 , -18 , -21 , -24 , -27 , -30 , -33 , -36 , -39 , -42 , -45 ,
-48 , -51 , -54 , -57 , -59 , -62 , -65 , -67 , -70 , -73 , -75 , -78 , -80 , -82 , -85 , -87 ,
-89 , -91 , -94 , -96 , -98 , -100 , -102 , -103 , -105 , -107 , -108 , -110 , -112 , -113 , -114 , -116 ,
-117 , -118 , -119 , -120 , -121 , -122 , -123 , -123 , -124 , -125 , -125 , -126 , -126 , -126 , -126 , -126 ,
-127 , -126 , -126 , -126 , -126 , -126 , -125 , -125 , -124 , -123 , -123 , -122 , -121 , -120 , -119 , -118 ,
-117 , -116 , -114 , -113 , -112 , -110 , -108 , -107 , -105 , -103 , -102 , -100 , -98 , -96 , -94 , -91 ,
-89 , -87 , -85 , -82 , -80 , -78 , -75 , -73 , -70 , -67 , -65 , -62 , -59 , -57 , -54 , -51 ,
-48 , -45 , -42 , -39 , -36 , -33 , -30 , -27 , -24 , -21 , -18 , -15 , -12 , -9 , -6 , -3
};
char square256[256] __attribute__ ((aligned(256))) = {
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 , 127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 ,
-127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127 , -127
};
char triangle256[256] __attribute__ ((aligned(256))) = {
-127 , -125 , -123 , -121 , -119 , -117 , -115 , -113 , -111 , -109 , -107 , -105 , -103 , -101 , -99 , -97 ,
-95 , -93 , -91 , -89 , -87 , -85 , -83 , -81 , -79 , -77 , -75 , -73 , -71 , -69 , -67 , -65 ,
-63 , -61 , -59 , -57 , -55 , -53 , -51 , -49 , -47 , -45 , -43 , -41 , -39 , -37 , -35 , -33 ,
-31 , -29 , -27 , -25 , -23 , -21 , -19 , -17 , -15 , -13 , -11 , -9 , -7 , -5 , -3 , -1 ,
1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 31 ,
33 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 63 ,
65 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 93 , 95 ,
97 , 99 , 101 , 103 , 105 , 107 , 109 , 111 , 113 , 115 , 117 , 119 , 121 , 123 , 125 , 127 ,
129 , 127 , 125 , 123 , 121 , 119 , 117 , 115 , 113 , 111 , 109 , 107 , 105 , 103 , 101 , 99 ,
97 , 95 , 93 , 91 , 89 , 87 , 85 , 83 , 81 , 79 , 77 , 75 , 73 , 71 , 69 , 67 ,
65 , 63 , 61 , 59 , 57 , 55 , 53 , 51 , 49 , 47 , 45 , 43 , 41 , 39 , 37 , 35 ,
33 , 31 , 29 , 27 , 25 , 23 , 21 , 19 , 17 , 15 , 13 , 11 , 9 , 7 , 5 , 3 ,
1 , -1 , -3 , -5 , -7 , -9 , -11 , -13 , -15 , -17 , -19 , -21 , -23 , -25 , -27 , -29 ,
-31 , -33 , -35 , -37 , -39 , -41 , -43 , -45 , -47 , -49 , -51 , -53 , -55 , -57 , -59 , -61 ,
-63 , -65 , -67 , -69 , -71 , -73 , -75 , -77 , -79 , -81 , -83 , -85 , -87 , -89 , -91 , -93 ,
-95 , -97 , -99 , -101 , -103 , -105 , -107 , -109 , -111 , -113 , -115 , -117 , -119 , -121 , -123 , -125
};
char sawtooth256[256] __attribute__ ((aligned(256))) = {
-127 , -127 , -126 , -125 , -124 , -123 , -122 , -121 , -120 , -119 , -118 , -117 , -116 , -115 , -114 , -113 ,
-112 , -111 , -110 , -109 , -108 , -107 , -106 , -105 , -104 , -103 , -102 , -101 , -100 , -99 , -98 , -97 ,
-96 , -95 , -94 , -93 , -92 , -91 , -90 , -89 , -88 , -87 , -86 , -85 , -84 , -83 , -82 , -81 ,
-80 , -79 , -78 , -77 , -76 , -75 , -74 , -73 , -72 , -71 , -70 , -69 , -68 , -67 , -66 , -65 ,
-64 , -63 , -62 , -61 , -60 , -59 , -58 , -57 , -56 , -55 , -54 , -53 , -52 , -51 , -50 , -49 ,
-48 , -47 , -46 , -45 , -44 , -43 , -42 , -41 , -40 , -39 , -38 , -37 , -36 , -35 , -34 , -33 ,
-32 , -31 , -30 , -29 , -28 , -27 , -26 , -25 , -24 , -23 , -22 , -21 , -20 , -19 , -18 , -17 ,
-16 , -15 , -14 , -13 , -12 , -11 , -10 , -9 , -8 , -7 , -6 , -5 , -4 , -3 , -2 , -1 ,
0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ,
16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ,
32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ,
48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ,
64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ,
80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ,
96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ,
112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127
};
#include "avr/pgmspace.h"
// log table for 128 filter cutoffs
unsigned char logCutoffs[128] = {0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x03,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x05,0x05,0x05,0x05,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x07,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x09,0x09,0x0A,0x0A,0x0A,0x0A,0x0B,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0D,0x0E,0x0F,0x10,0x11,0x12,0x12,0x13,0x14,0x15,0x16,0x17,0x18,0x19,0x1A,0x1B,0x1C,0x1E,0x20,0x21,0x22,0x23,0x24,0x26,0x28,0x2A,0x2C,0x2E,0x30,0x32,0x34,0x36,0x38,0x3A,0x40,0x42,0x44,0x48,0x4C,0x4F,0x52,0x55,0x58,0x5D,0x61,0x65,0x68,0x6C,0x70,0x76,0x7E,0x85,0x8A,0x90,0x96,0x9D,0xA4,0xAB,0xB0,0xBA,0xC4,0xCE,0xD8,0xE0,0xE8,0xF4,0xFF};
volatile unsigned int WAIT_curTime;
#define WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT() WAIT_curTime=loopSteps; while(WAIT_curTime==loopSteps){}
#define SERIAL_OUT 0
// attack,decay are in 1/64ths per 125th of a second - ie. 1 = 0->1 in half a second
const int DECAY=3;
const int ATTACK=4;
volatile char* curWave=square256;
#define cbi(sfr, bit) (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) &= ~_BV(bit))
#define sbi(sfr, bit) (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) |= _BV(bit))
// this is supposedly the audio clock frequency - as
// you can see, measured freq may vary a bit from supposed clock frequency
// I'm not quite sure why
// const double refclk=31372.549; // =16MHz / 510
// const double refclk=31376.6; // measured
// variables used inside interrupt service declared as voilatile
// these variables allow you to keep track of time - as delay / millis etc. are
// made inactive due to interrupts being disabled.
volatile unsigned char loopSteps=0; // once per sample
volatile unsigned int loopStepsHigh=0; // once per 256 samples
// information about the current state of a single oscillator
struct oscillatorPhase
{
unsigned int phaseStep;
char volume;
unsigned int phaseAccu;
};
// the oscillators (8 of them)
struct oscillatorPhase oscillators[8];
// tword_m=pow(2,32)*dfreq/refclk; // calulate DDS new tuning word
// to get hz -> tuning word do: (pow(2,16) * frequency) / 31376.6
const unsigned int NOTE_FREQS[25]={273,289,307,325,344,365,386,409,434,460,487,516,546,579,613,650,688,729,773,819,867,919,974,1032,1093};
// thresholds for the capacitive sensing buttons
int calibrationThresholds[8]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
inline int getNoteKeys(boolean calibrate=false)
{
char PORTD_PINS=0b11000000; // (pins 6-7 - avoid pins 0,1 as they are used for serial port comms)
char PORTC_PINS=0b111111; //(analog pins 0-5)
const int MAX_LOOPS=16;
char port_values[MAX_LOOPS*2];
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
asm volatile (
// port D reading loop:
// DDRD &= ~(PORTD_PINS = 0x3f); // set pins 8-12 to input mode
"in %[temp],0x0a" "\n\t"
"andi %[temp],0x3f" "\n\t"
"out 0x0a,%[temp]" "\n\t"
// PORTD |= (PORTD_PINS); // set pins 8-12 pullup on
"in %[temp],0x0b" "\n\t"
"ori %[temp],0xC0" "\n\t"
"out 0x0b,%[temp]" "\n\t"
"in %0,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %1,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %2,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %3,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %4,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %5,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %6,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %7,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %8,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %9,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %10,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %11,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %12,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %13,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %14,0x09" "\n\t"
"in %15,0x09" "\n\t"
:
// outputs
"=r" (port_values[0]),
"=r" (port_values[2]),
"=r" (port_values[4]),
"=r" (port_values[6]),
"=r" (port_values[8]),
"=r" (port_values[10]),
"=r" (port_values[12]),
"=r" (port_values[14]),
"=r" (port_values[16]),
"=r" (port_values[18]),
"=r" (port_values[20]),
"=r" (port_values[22]),
"=r" (port_values[24]),
"=r" (port_values[26]),
"=r" (port_values[28]),
"=r" (port_values[30])
:[temp] "d" (0));
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
asm volatile (
// port C reading loop:
// DDRC &= ~(PORTC_PINS = 0xc0); // set pins 5-7 to input mode
"in %[temp],0x07" "\n\t"
"andi %[temp],0xc0" "\n\t"
"out 0x07,%[temp]" "\n\t"
// PORTC |= (PORTC_PINS); // set pins 5-7 pullup on
"in %[temp],0x08" "\n\t"
"ori %[temp],0x3F" "\n\t"
"out 0x08,%[temp]" "\n\t"
"in %0,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %1,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %2,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %3,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %4,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %5,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %6,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %7,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %8,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %9,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %10,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %11,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %12,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %13,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %14,0x06" "\n\t"
"in %15,0x06" "\n\t"
:
// outputs
"=r" (port_values[1]),
"=r" (port_values[3]),
"=r" (port_values[5]),
"=r" (port_values[7]),
"=r" (port_values[9]),
"=r" (port_values[11]),
"=r" (port_values[13]),
"=r" (port_values[15]),
"=r" (port_values[17]),
"=r" (port_values[19]),
"=r" (port_values[21]),
"=r" (port_values[23]),
"=r" (port_values[25]),
"=r" (port_values[27]),
"=r" (port_values[29]),
"=r" (port_values[31])
:[temp] "d" (0));
PORTC &= ~(PORTC_PINS); // pullup off pins 8-12
PORTD &= ~(PORTD_PINS); // pullup off pins 5-7
DDRC |= (PORTC_PINS); // discharge
DDRD |= (PORTD_PINS); // discharge
if(calibrate)
{
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
for(int d=0;d<MAX_LOOPS;d++)
{
int liveNotes=((int*)port_values)[d];
liveNotes&=0x3fc0;
liveNotes>>=6;
if(liveNotes&(1<<c))
{
if(calibrationThresholds[c]<=d)
{
calibrationThresholds[c]=d+1;
}
break;
}
}
}
}
int liveNotes=0;
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
int val = ((int*)port_values)[calibrationThresholds[c]+1];
val&=0x3fc0;
val>>=6;
if((val&(1<<c))==0)
{
liveNotes|=(1<<c);
}
}
return liveNotes;
}
// get capacitive touch on input 4 and output 3
// used for filter modulator
inline int getfiltermodulationtime()
{
static int running_average=0;
static int running_min=1024;
static int running_min_inc_count=0;
static boolean initialise_running_min=true;
unsigned int delayTime=0;
char PINNUM_OUT=3;
char PINNUM_IN=4;
char PIN_OUT=1<<PINNUM_OUT;
char PIN_IN=1<<PINNUM_IN;
// make sure inputs / outputs are set right
DDRD|=PIN_OUT;
DDRD&=~(PIN_IN);
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
PORTD|=PIN_OUT;
asm volatile (
"loopstart%=:" "\n\t"
"sbic 0x09,%[PINNUM_IN]" "\n\t"
"rjmp outloop%=" "\n\t"
"adiw %[delayTime],0x01" "\n\t"
"cpi %B[delayTime],0x02" "\n\t"
"brne loopstart%=" "\n\t"
"outloop%=:" "\n\t"
:[delayTime] "+&w" (delayTime)
:[PINNUM_IN] "I" (PINNUM_IN));
// set pin down - maybe don't bother timing, if it doesn't seem to add
// much accuracy?
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
PORTD&=~PIN_OUT;
asm(
"loopstart%=:" "\n\t"
"sbis 0x09,%[PINNUM_IN]" "\n\t"
"rjmp outloop%=" "\n\t"
"adiw %[delayTime],0x01" "\n\t"
"cpi %B[delayTime],0x02" "\n\t"
"brne loopstart%=" "\n\t"
"outloop%=:" "\n\t"
:[delayTime] "+&w" (delayTime)
:[PINNUM_IN] "I" (PINNUM_IN));
running_average=(running_average-(running_average>>4))+(delayTime>>4);
running_min_inc_count++;
if(running_min_inc_count==255)
{
if(initialise_running_min)
{
running_min=running_average;
running_min_inc_count=0;
initialise_running_min=false;
}else{
running_min_inc_count=0;
running_min++;
}
}
if(running_average<running_min)
{
running_min=running_average;
}
int touchVal=running_average-running_min;
if(touchVal>15)
{
touchVal-=15;
if(touchVal>99)
{
touchVal=99;
}
}else{
touchVal=0;
}
return touchVal;
}
// get capacitive touch on input 5 and output 3
// used for pitch bend
inline int getpitchbendtime()
{
static int running_average=0;
static int running_min=1024;
static int running_min_inc_count=0;
static boolean initialise_running_min=true;
unsigned int delayTime=0;
char PINNUM_OUT=3;
char PINNUM_IN=5;
char PIN_OUT=1<<PINNUM_OUT;
char PIN_IN=1<<PINNUM_IN;
// make sure inputs / outputs are set right
DDRD|=PIN_OUT;
DDRD&=~(PIN_IN);
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
PORTD|=PIN_OUT;
asm volatile (
"loopstart%=:" "\n\t"
"sbic 0x09,%[PINNUM_IN]" "\n\t"
"rjmp outloop%=" "\n\t"
"adiw %[delayTime],0x01" "\n\t"
"cpi %B[delayTime],0x02" "\n\t"
"brne loopstart%=" "\n\t"
"outloop%=:" "\n\t"
:[delayTime] "+&w" (delayTime)
:[PINNUM_IN] "I" (PINNUM_IN));
// set pin down - maybe don't bother timing, if it doesn't seem to add
// much accuracy?
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
PORTD&=~PIN_OUT;
asm(
"loopstart%=:" "\n\t"
"sbis 0x09,%[PINNUM_IN]" "\n\t"
"rjmp outloop%=" "\n\t"
"adiw %[delayTime],0x01" "\n\t"
"cpi %B[delayTime],0x02" "\n\t"
"brne loopstart%=" "\n\t"
"outloop%=:" "\n\t"
:[delayTime] "+&w" (delayTime)
:[PINNUM_IN] "I" (PINNUM_IN));
running_average=(running_average-(running_average>>4))+(delayTime>>4);
running_min_inc_count++;
if(running_min_inc_count==255)
{
if(initialise_running_min)
{
running_min=running_average;
running_min_inc_count=0;
initialise_running_min=false;
}else{
running_min_inc_count=0;
running_min++;
}
}
if(running_average<running_min)
{
running_min=running_average;
}
int touchVal=running_average-running_min;
if(touchVal>15)
{
touchVal-=15;
if(touchVal>99)
{
touchVal=99;
}
}else{
touchVal=0;
}
return touchVal;
}
unsigned int pitchBendTable[201]={241, 241, 241, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 243, 243, 243, 243, 243, 243, 243, 244, 244, 244, 244, 244, 244, 244, 245, 245, 245, 245, 245, 245, 245, 246, 246, 246, 246, 246, 246, 246, 247, 247, 247, 247, 247, 247, 247, 248, 248, 248, 248, 248, 248, 248, 249, 249, 249, 249, 249, 249, 249, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 251, 251, 251, 251, 251, 251, 251, 252, 252, 252, 252, 252, 252, 253, 253, 253, 253, 253, 253, 253, 254, 254, 254, 254, 254, 254, 254, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 256,
256,256, 256, 256, 256, 256, 256, 256, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 258, 258, 258, 258, 258, 258, 259, 259, 259, 259, 259, 259, 259, 260, 260, 260, 260, 260, 260, 260, 261, 261, 261, 261, 261, 261, 262, 262, 262, 262, 262, 262, 262, 263, 263, 263, 263, 263, 263, 264, 264, 264, 264, 264, 264, 264, 265, 265, 265, 265, 265, 265, 266, 266, 266, 266, 266, 266, 266, 267, 267, 267, 267, 267, 267, 268, 268, 268, 268, 268, 268, 269, 269, 269, 269, 269, 269, 269, 270, 270, 270, 270, 270, 270, 271, 271};
void setupNoteFrequencies(int baseNote,int pitchBendVal /*-100 -> 100*/)
{
oscillators[0].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote];
oscillators[1].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+2];
oscillators[2].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+4];
oscillators[3].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+5];
oscillators[4].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+7];
oscillators[5].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+9];
oscillators[6].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+11];
oscillators[7].phaseStep=NOTE_FREQS[baseNote+12];
if(pitchBendVal<-99)
{
pitchBendVal=-99;
}else if(pitchBendVal>99)
{
pitchBendVal=99;
}
// Serial.print("*");
// Serial.print(pitchBendVal);
unsigned int pitchBendMultiplier=pitchBendTable[pitchBendVal+100];
// Serial.print(":");
// Serial.print(pitchBendMultiplier);
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
// multiply 2 16 bit numbers together and shift 8 without precision loss
// requires assembler really
volatile unsigned char zeroReg=0;
volatile unsigned int multipliedCounter=oscillators[c].phaseStep;
asm volatile
(
// high bytes mult together = high byte
"ldi %A[outVal],0" "\n\t"
"mul %B[phaseStep],%B[pitchBend]" "\n\t"
"mov %B[outVal],r0" "\n\t"
// ignore overflow into r1 (should never overflow)
// low byte * high byte -> both bytes
"mul %A[phaseStep],%B[pitchBend]" "\n\t"
"add %A[outVal],r0" "\n\t"
// carry into high byte
"adc %B[outVal],r1" "\n\t"
// high byte* low byte -> both bytes
"mul %B[phaseStep],%A[pitchBend]" "\n\t"
"add %A[outVal],r0" "\n\t"
// carry into high byte
"adc %B[outVal],r1" "\n\t"
// low byte * low byte -> round
"mul %A[phaseStep],%A[pitchBend]" "\n\t"
// the adc below is to round up based on high bit of low*low:
"adc %A[outVal],r1" "\n\t"
"adc %B[outVal],%[ZERO]" "\n\t"
"clr r1" "\n\t"
:[outVal] "=&d" (multipliedCounter)
:[phaseStep] "d" (oscillators[c].phaseStep),[pitchBend] "d"( pitchBendMultiplier),[ZERO] "d" (zeroReg)
:"r1","r0"
);
oscillators[c].phaseStep=multipliedCounter;
}
// Serial.print(":");
// Serial.print(NOTE_FREQS[baseNote]);
// Serial.print(":");
// Serial.println(oscillators[0].phaseStep);
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // connect to the serial port
#ifndef FILTER_LPF_NONE
setFilter(127, 0);
#endif
pinMode(11, OUTPUT); // pin11= PWM output / frequency output
setupNoteFrequencies(12,0);
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
oscillators[c].volume=0;
}
Setup_timer2();
// disable interrupts to avoid timing distortion
cbi (TIMSK0,TOIE0); // disable Timer0 !!! delay() is now not available
sbi (TIMSK2,TOIE2); // enable Timer2 Interrupt
// calibrate the unpressed key values
for(int x=0;x<1024;x++)
{
getNoteKeys(true);
int steps=loopSteps;
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
// int afterSteps=loopSteps;
// Serial.println(afterSteps-steps);
}
// test pattern intro
#ifdef TEST_PATTERN_INTRO
int filtValue=255;
byte notes[]={0x1,0x4,0x10,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x1,0x2,0x4,0x8,0x10,0x20,0x40,0x80,0x40,0x20,0x10,0x8,0x4,0x2,0x1,0x1,0x1,0x00,0x00,0x1,0x1,0x1,0x1,0x00,0x00,0x5,0x5,0x5,0x5,0x00,0x00,0x15,0x15,0x15,0x15,0x15,0x00,0x00,0x95,0x95,0x95,0x95,0x95,0x95,0x00};
for(int note=0;note<sizeof(notes)/sizeof(byte);note++)
{
int noteCount=0;
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
if(notes[note]&(1<<c))
{
noteCount+=1;
}
}
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
if(notes[note]&(1<<c))
{
oscillators[c].volume=63/noteCount;
}else
{
oscillators[c].volume=0;
}
}
for(int c=0;c<50;c++)
{
// might as well keep calibrating here
// nb: each calibration loop = at least 1 interrupt
getNoteKeys(true);
#ifndef FILTER_LPF_NONE
setFilter(127-c, 64);
#endif
}
}
#else
// just beep to show calibration is done
oscillators[0].volume=63;
for(int c=0;c<20;c++)
{
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
}
oscillators[0].volume=63;
#endif
Serial.println("Calibrations:");
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
Serial.print(c);
Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(calibrationThresholds[c]);
}
}
void loop()
{
// we keep a list of 'raw' volumes - and turn down the volume if a chord is taking >64 volume total
// this is to allow chording without reducing the volume of single notes
int rawVolumes[8]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
int curNote=0;
unsigned int filterSweep=64;
const int MIN_SWEEP=64;
const int MAX_SWEEP=127;
const int SWEEP_SPEED=3;
int sweepDir=SWEEP_SPEED;
unsigned int lastStep=loopStepsHigh;
unsigned curStep=loopStepsHigh;
while(1)
{
lastStep=curStep;
curStep=loopStepsHigh;
// NOTE: timers do not work in this code (interrupts disabled / speeds changed), so don't even think about calling: delay(), millis / micros etc.
// each loopstep is roughly 31250 / second
// this main loop will get called once every 3 or 4 samples if the serial output is turned off, maybe slower otherwise
int liveNotes=getNoteKeys();
// we are right after an interrupt (as loopStep has just been incremented)
// so we should have enough time to do the capacitative key checks
if(lastStep!=curStep)
{
int totalVolume=0;
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
if((liveNotes&(1<<c))==0)
{
rawVolumes[c]-=DECAY*(curStep-lastStep);
if(rawVolumes[c]<0)rawVolumes[c]=0;
if(SERIAL_OUT)Serial.print(".");
}
else
{
rawVolumes[c]+=ATTACK*(curStep-lastStep);
if(rawVolumes[c]>63)rawVolumes[c]=63;
if(SERIAL_OUT)Serial.print(c);
}
totalVolume+=rawVolumes[c];
}
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
if( totalVolume<64 )
{
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
oscillators[c].volume=rawVolumes[c];
}
}else
{
// total volume too much, scale down to avoid clipping
for(int c=0;c<8;c++)
{
oscillators[c].volume=(rawVolumes[c]*63)/totalVolume;
}
}
}
if(SERIAL_OUT)Serial.println("");
#ifndef FILTER_LPF_NONE
/* if(liveNotes==0)
{
filterSweep=64;
sweepDir=SWEEP_SPEED;
}
filterSweep+=sweepDir;
if(filterSweep>=MAX_SWEEP)
{
filterSweep=MAX_SWEEP;
sweepDir=-sweepDir;
}
else if (filterSweep<=MIN_SWEEP)
{
sweepDir=-sweepDir;
filterSweep=MIN_SWEEP;
}*/
// Serial.println((int)filterValue);
// filterSweep=127-(getpitchbendtime()>>1);
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
setFilter(150-(getfiltermodulationtime()),220);
#endif
WAIT_UNTIL_INTERRUPT();
setupNoteFrequencies(12,-getpitchbendtime());
// we are right after an interrupt again (as loopStep has just been incremented)
// so we should have enough time to check the pitch bend capacitance without going over another sample, timing is quite important here
// need to balance using a big enough resistor to get decent sensing distance with taking too long to sample
// check the pitch bend input
}
}
//******************************************************************
// timer2 setup
// set prscaler to 1, PWM mode to phase correct PWM, 16000000/510 = 31372.55 Hz clock
void Setup_timer2() {
// Timer2 Clock Prescaler to : 1
sbi (TCCR2B, CS20);
cbi (TCCR2B, CS21);
cbi (TCCR2B, CS22);
// Timer2 PWM Mode set to Phase Correct PWM
cbi (TCCR2A, COM2A0); // clear Compare Match
sbi (TCCR2A, COM2A1);
sbi (TCCR2A, WGM20); // Mode 1 / Phase Correct PWM
cbi (TCCR2A, WGM21);
cbi (TCCR2B, WGM22);
}
#ifdef FILTER_LPF_BIQUAD
char filtValueA1=0,filtValueA2=0,filtValueA3=0,filtValueB1=0,filtValueB2=0;
volatile unsigned char filtCoeffA1=255;
volatile char filtCoeffB1=127;
volatile unsigned char filtCoeffB2=255;
#endif
#ifdef FILTER_LPF_HACK
// hacked low pass filter - 2 pole resonant -
// a += f*((in-a)+ q*(a-b)
// b+= f* (a-b)
int filterA=0;
int filterB=0;
unsigned char filterQ=0;
unsigned char filterF=255;
inline void setFilterRaw(unsigned char filterF, unsigned char resonance)
{
unsigned char tempReg=0,tempReg2=0;
asm volatile("ldi %[tempReg], 0xff" "\n\t"
"sub %[tempReg],%[filtF] " "\n\t"
"lsr %[tempReg]" "\n\t"
"ldi %[tempReg2],0x04" "\n\t"
"add %[tempReg],%[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"sub %[reso],%[tempReg]" "\n\t"
"brcc Res_Overflow%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %[reso],0x00" "\n\t"
"Res_Overflow%=:" "\n\t"
"mov %[filtQ],%[reso]" "\n\t"
:[tempReg] "=&d" (tempReg),[tempReg2] "=&d" (tempReg2),[filtQ] "=&d" (filterQ): [reso] "d" (resonance), [filtF] "d" (filterF) );
}
inline void setFilter(unsigned char f, unsigned char resonance)
{
if(f>127)f=127;
filterF=logCutoffs[f];
setFilterRaw(filterF,resonance);
}
#endif
#define HIBYTE(__x) ((char)(((unsigned int)__x)>>8))
#define LOBYTE(__x) ((char)(((unsigned int)__x)&0xff))
// oscillator main loop (increment wavetable pointer, and add it to the output registers)
// 13 instructions - should take 14 processor cycles according to the datasheet
// in theory I think this means that each oscillator should take 1.5% of cpu
// (plus a constant overhead for interrupt calls etc.)
// Note: this used to do all the stepvolume loads near the start, but they are now interleaved in the
// code, this is because ldd (load with offset) takes 2 instructions,
// versus ld,+1 (load with post increment) and st,+1 which are 1 instruction - we can do this because:
//
// a)the step (which doesn't need to be stored back) is in memory before the
// phase accumulator (which does need to be stored back once the step is added
//
// b)the phase assumulator is stored in low byte, high byte order, meaning that we
// can add the first bytes together, then store that byte incrementing the pointer,
// then load the high byte, add the high bytes together and store incrementing the pointer
//
// I think this is the minimum number of operations possible to code this oscillator in, because
// 1)There are 6 load operations required (to load stepHigh/Low,phaseH/L,volume, and the value from the wave)
// 2)There are 2 add operations required to add to the phase accumulator
// 3)There are 2 store operations required to save the phase accumulator
// 4)There is 1 multiply (2 instruction cycles) required to do the volume
// 5)There are 2 add operations required to add to the final output
//
// 6+2+2+2+2 = 14 instruction cycles
#define OSCILLATOR_ASM \
/* load phase step and volume*/ \
"ld %A[tempStep],%a[stepVolume]+" "\n\t" \
"ld %B[tempStep],%a[stepVolume]+" "\n\t" \
"ld %[tempVolume],%a[stepVolume]+" "\n\t" \
/* load phase accumulator - high byte goes straight*/ \
/* into the wave lookup array (wave is on 256 byte boundary*/ \
/* so we can do this without any adds */ \
/* Do the phase adds in between the two loads, as load with offset is slower than
just a normal load
*/\
"ld %A[tempPhaseLow],%a[stepVolume]" "\n\t" \
/* add phase step low */ \
"add %[tempPhaseLow],%A[tempStep]" "\n\t"\
/* store phase accumulator low */ \
"st %a[stepVolume]+,%[tempPhaseLow]" "\n\t" \
/* load phase accumulator high*/\
"ld %A[waveBase],%a[stepVolume]" "\n\t" \
/* add phase step high - with carry from the add above */\
"adc %A[waveBase],%B[tempStep]" "\n\t"\
/* store phase step high */\
"st %a[stepVolume]+,%A[waveBase]" "\n\t" \
/* now lookup from the wave - high byte = wave pointer, low byte=offset*/ \
"ld %[tempPhaseLow],%a[waveBase]" "\n\t" \
/* now multiply by volume*/ \
"muls %[tempPhaseLow],%[tempVolume]" "\n\t" \
/* r0 now contains a sample - add it to output value*/ \
"add %A[outValue],r0" "\n\t" \
"adc %B[outValue],r1" "\n\t" \
/* go to next oscillator - stepVolume is pointing at next*/ \
/* oscillator already */ \
//******************************************************************
// Timer2 Interrupt Service at 31372,550 KHz = 32uSec
// this is the timebase REFCLOCK for the DDS generator
// FOUT = (M (REFCLK)) / (2 exp 32)
// runtime : ?
ISR(TIMER2_OVF_vect) {
// now set up the next value
// this loop takes roughly 172 cycles (214 including the push/pops) - we have 510, so roughly 50% of the processor going spare for non-audio tasks
// the low pass filter also takes some cycles
int outValue;
// pointers:
// X = oscillator phase accumulator
// Y = oscillator step and volume
// Z = wave pos - needs to add to base
int tempStep=0;
char tempPhaseLow=0,tempVolume=0;
int tempWaveBase=0;
asm volatile (
"ldi %A[outValue],0" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[outValue],0" "\n\t"
// oscillator 0
// uncomment the code below to check
// that registers aren't getting double assigned
/* "lds %A[outValue],0x00" "\n\t"
"lds %B[outValue],0x01" "\n\t"
"lds %A[tempPhaseLow],0x02" "\n\t"
// "lds %B[tempPhase],0x03" "\n\t"
"lds %A[tempStep],0x04" "\n\t"
"lds %B[tempStep],0x05" "\n\t"
"lds %[tempVolume],0x06" "\n\t"
"lds %[ZERO],0x07" "\n\t"
"lds %A[tempWaveBase],0x08" "\n\t"
"lds %B[tempWaveBase],0x09" "\n\t"
"lds %A[phaseAccu],0x0a" "\n\t"
"lds %B[phaseAccu],0x0b" "\n\t"
"lds %A[stepVolume],0x0c" "\n\t"
"lds %B[stepVolume],0x0d" "\n\t"
"lds %A[waveBase],0x0e" "\n\t"
"lds %B[waveBase],0x0f" "\n\t"*/
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
OSCILLATOR_ASM
:
// outputs
[tempPhaseLow] "=&d" (tempPhaseLow),
[tempStep] "=&d" (tempStep),
[tempVolume] "=&d" (tempVolume),
[outValue] "=&d" (outValue)
:
// inputs
[stepVolume] "y" (&oscillators[0].phaseStep),
[waveBase] "z" (256*(((unsigned int)curWave)>>8))
:
// other registers we clobber (by doing multiplications)
"r1"
);
// at this point outValue = oscillator value
// it is currently maxed to full volume / 4
// to allow some headroom for filtering
#ifdef FILTER_LPF_HACK
// a low pass filter based on the one from MeeBlip (http://meeblip.noisepages.com)
// a += f*((in-a)+ q*(a-b)
// b+= f* (a-b)
// outValue>>=3;
// started at 4700
// 4686
int tempReg,tempReg2=0;
unsigned char zeroRegFilt=0;
// de-volatilisati
unsigned char filtF=filterF;
unsigned char filtQ=filterQ;
asm volatile(
"sub %A[outVal],%A[filtA]" "\n\t"
"sbc %B[outVal],%B[filtA]" "\n\t"
"brvc No_overflow1%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[outVal],0b00000001" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[outVal],0b10000000" "\n\t"
"No_overflow1%=:" "\n\t"
// outVal = (in - filtA)
"mov %A[tempReg],%A[filtA]" "\n\t"
"mov %B[tempReg],%B[filtA]" "\n\t"
"sub %A[tempReg],%A[filtB]" "\n\t"
"sbc %B[tempReg],%B[filtB]" "\n\t"
"brvc No_overflow3%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[tempReg],0b00000001" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[tempReg],0b10000000" "\n\t"
"No_overflow3%=:" "\n\t"
// tempReg = (a-b)
"mulsu %B[tempReg],%[filtQ]" "\n\t"
"movw %A[tempReg2],r0" "\n\t"
// tempReg2 = (HIBYTE(a-b))*Q
"mul %A[tempReg],%[filtQ]" "\n\t"
"add %A[tempReg2],r1" "\n\t"
"adc %B[tempReg2],%[ZERO]" "\n\t"
"rol r0" "\n\t"
"brcc No_Round1%=" "\n\t"
"inc %A[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"No_Round1%=:" "\n\t"
// at this point tempReg2 = (a-b)*Q (shifted appropriately and rounded)
// "clc" "\n\t"
"lsl %A[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"rol %B[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
// "clc" "\n\t"
"lsl %A[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"rol %B[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
// tempReg2 = (a-b)*Q*4
"add %A[outVal],%A[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"adc %B[outVal],%B[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"brvc No_overflow4%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[outVal],0b11111111" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[outVal],0b01111111" "\n\t"
"No_overflow4%=:" "\n\t"
// outVal = ((in-a) + (a-b)*(Q>>8)*4) - clipped etc
"mulsu %B[outVal],%[filtF]" "\n\t"
"movw %A[tempReg],r0" "\n\t"
"mul %A[outVal],%[filtF]" "\n\t"
"add %A[tempReg],r1" "\n\t"
"adc %B[tempReg],%[ZERO]" "\n\t"
"rol r0" "\n\t"
"brcc No_Round2%=" "\n\t"
"inc %A[tempReg]" "\n\t"
// tempReg = f* ((in-a) + (a-b)*(Q>>8)*4)
"No_Round2%=:" "\n\t"
"add %A[filtA],%A[tempReg]" "\n\t"
"adc %B[filtA],%B[tempReg]" "\n\t"
// A= A+ f* ((in-a) + (a-b)*(Q>>8)*4)
"brvc No_overflow5%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[outVal],0b11111111" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[outVal],0b01111111" "\n\t"
"No_overflow5%=:" "\n\t"
// now calculate B= f* (a - b)
"mov %A[tempReg],%A[filtA]" "\n\t"
"mov %B[tempReg],%B[filtA]" "\n\t"
"sub %A[tempReg],%A[filtB]" "\n\t"
"sbc %B[tempReg],%B[filtB]" "\n\t"
"brvc No_overflow6%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[tempReg],0b00000001" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[tempReg],0b10000000" "\n\t"
"No_overflow6%=:" "\n\t"
// tempReg = (a-b)
"mulsu %B[tempReg],%[filtF]" "\n\t"
"movw %A[tempReg2],r0" "\n\t"
"mul %A[tempReg],%[filtF]" "\n\t"
"add %A[tempReg2],r1" "\n\t"
"adc %B[tempReg2],%[ZERO]" "\n\t"
// tempReg2 = f*(a-b)
"add %A[filtB],%A[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"adc %B[filtB],%B[tempReg2]" "\n\t"
"brvc No_overflow7%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[filtB],0b11111111" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[filtB],0b01111111" "\n\t"
"No_overflow7%=:" "\n\t"
// now b= b+f*(a-b)
"mov %A[outVal],%A[filtB]" "\n\t"
"mov %B[outVal],%B[filtB]" "\n\t"
// multiply outval by 4 and clip
"add %A[outVal],%A[filtB]" "\n\t"
"adc %B[outVal],%B[filtB]" "\n\t"
"brbs 3, Overflow_End%=" "\n\t"
"add %A[outVal],%A[filtB]" "\n\t"
"adc %B[outVal],%B[filtB]" "\n\t"
"brbs 3, Overflow_End%=" "\n\t"
"add %A[outVal],%A[filtB]" "\n\t"
"adc %B[outVal],%B[filtB]" "\n\t"
"brbs 3, Overflow_End%=" "\n\t"
"rjmp No_overflow%=" "\n\t"
"Overflow_End%=:" "\n\t"
"brbs 2,Overflow_High%=" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[outVal],0b00000001" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[outVal],0b10000000" "\n\t"
"rjmp No_overflow%=" "\n\t"
"Overflow_High%=:" "\n\t"
"ldi %A[outVal],0b11111111" "\n\t"
"ldi %B[outVal],0b01111111" "\n\t"
"No_overflow%=:" "\n\t"
//char valOut=((unsigned int)(outValue))>>8;
//valOut+=128;
// OCR2A=(byte)valOut;
"subi %B[outVal],0x80" "\n\t"
"sts 0x00b3,%B[outVal]" "\n\t"
// uncomment the lines below to see the register allocations
/*
"lds %A[filtA],0x01" "\n\t"
"lds %B[filtA],0x02" "\n\t"
"lds %A[filtB],0x03" "\n\t"
"lds %B[filtB],0x04" "\n\t"
"lds %[filtQ],0x05" "\n\t"
"lds %[filtF],0x06" "\n\t"
"lds %A[outVal],0x07" "\n\t"
"lds %B[outVal],0x08" "\n\t"
"lds %A[tempReg],0x09" "\n\t"
"lds %B[tempReg],0x0a" "\n\t"
"lds %A[tempReg2],0x0b" "\n\t"
"lds %B[tempReg2],0x0c" "\n\t"
"lds %[ZERO],0x0d" "\n\t"*/
:
// outputs / read/write arguments
[filtA] "+&w" (filterA),
[filtB] "+&w" (filterB),
[tempReg] "=&a" (tempReg),
[tempReg2] "=&d" (tempReg2)
:
[filtQ] "a" (filtQ),
[filtF] "a" (filtF),
[outVal] "a" (outValue),
[ZERO] "d" (zeroRegFilt)
// inputs
: "r1");
#endif
// output is done in the filter assembler code if filters are on
// otherwise we output it by hand here
#ifdef FILTER_LPF_NONE
// full gain
outValue*=4;
// at this point, outValue is a 16 bit signed version of what we want ie. 0 -> 32767, then -32768 -> -1 (0xffff)
// we want 0->32767 to go to 32768-65535 and -32768 -> -1 to go to 0-32767, then we want only the top byte
// take top byte, then add 128, then cast to unsigned. The (unsigned int) in the below is to avoid having to shift (ie.just takes top byte)
char valOut=((unsigned int)(outValue))>>8;
valOut+=128;
OCR2A=(byte)valOut;
#endif
// increment loop step counter (and high counter)
// these are used because we stop the timer
// interrupt running, so have no other way to tell time
// this asm is probably not really needed, but it does save about 10 instructions
// because the variables have to be volatile
asm(
"inc %[loopSteps]" "\n\t"
"brbc 1,loopend%=" "\n\t"
"inc %A[loopStepsHigh]" "\n\t"
"brbc 1,loopend%=" "\n\t"
"inc %B[loopStepsHigh]" "\n\t"
"loopend%=:" "\n\t"
:[loopSteps] "+a" (loopSteps),[loopStepsHigh] "+a" (loopStepsHigh):);
}
Step 7: Test It Out
Insert the key wires and the speaker wires into the arduino. You are now ready to test out your creation. Plug in the barrel plug/9-volt cable to the arduino's power source input, and attach the 9-volt battery to the battery coupling. You should hear a pre-programmed set of musical tones. Wait about 15-20 seconds for the device to calibrate itself. Try touching all the keys. A different note of should play from each key. If each key plays, you have successfully created the synthesizer. The next steps involve creating the housing unit to contain the arduino and the speaker. The point of this will not only serve as a way to hold the other components, but also to maintain the aesthetic look that the keys and the base create.
Attachments
Step 8: The Box - Holes
Decide what your housing unit will be. I wanted to maintain the simple, clean curve look that my synthesizer created, so I decided to use a wooden box. I so happened to found a pre-made wooden craft storage box at a store, but feel free to make your own. The only downside to my box, was that there was wooden letters glued to each side. So, using a knife, I pried each letter off. Using sandpaper, I then sanded each surface to make the sides as smooth as I can.
To make the sound coming from the speaker from inside the box easier to hear, I made holes in each side of the box. Pre-determine where you feel the optimum location for the holes should be by placing the arduino and speaker in the box. I used a simple, 5-hole pattern, but feel free to use your own pattern. Then, create a large enough hole near the bottom of the front side of the box for the key wires to fit through, so they can easily be connected to the arduino. Once again, sand the surfaces, inside and outside of the box, where the holes were made, to make a smooth surface and to get rid of any remaining hanging wood particles.
Step 9: The Box - Paint
Making sure there is no dust left in or on the box, spray paint the inside and outside of the box, in multiple layers if need be.
Attachments
Step 10: The Box - Velcro
Once your box has all the necessary holes and painting is completed, place a strip of velcro inside the box at the bottom where you would like the arduino and speaker to be. I used velco to attach the arduino and speaker so they could not rattle or move around in the box, but if need be, I could remove them.
Step 11: Finish
Plug in the key wires through the hole in the box into the arduino, plug in the battery, and there you are, you are finished. You have an Octo-phonic Synthesizer, or my take on a hybrid of a synthesizer and classical organ. Once again, I'd like to thank blinkyblnky for the original project idea, and Joe Marshall for the code. Let me know if you have any questions and good luck!
