How to Control a Stepper Motor With an FPGA

by Commanderfranz

48K14414

Intro: How to Control a Stepper Motor With an FPGA

This instructable will guide you through the process and some background knowledge on how to get a stepper motor working on an FPGA. Specifically a Nema Stepper Motor, with the Digilent Basys 3 and Digilent PmodSTEP.

Currently I'm deep in the process of making a claw game with the brain as an FPGA. The first step in this process was to figure out how to interface the FPGA with the stepper motor. Getting the stepper motor signals with the FPGA I knew how to do, but the Basys 3 output pins couldn't supply enough current for the stepper motor, so I chose to interface with the PmodSTEP, which, for all intents and purposes, is a power amplifier with a stepper motor connector.

In this process I learned that there isn't much out there on using the PmodSTEP, or using a stepper motor with an FPGA, at least that I could find. So I figured I would share what I learned.

STEP 1: Gather Your Materials

What you will need:

- Basys3

- PmodSTEP

- Stepper Motor

- Xilinx Vivado Installed and Licensed

- USB A to B micro

- A piece of tape

- 4 female to male pin Headers, or 4 wires with female pin headers (optional)

STEP 2: Put a Piece of Tape on the Motor

I find that it is much more satisfying and easier to detect if there is something moving on my motor. So I put a piece of tape on the shaft of my motor. You can do this if you want to, I highly suggest it, if nothing else because it made me feel better about my progress.

STEP 3: Add Female Connectors to the Motor Wires - Optional

This step is another optional step, although highly suggested! wrapping the wires around pins can be a dubugging nightmare, so I put female headers on mine.

I tried to cut single male to female headers from a larger set, but ended up making a mess so I gave up. What was easier for me was to cut the ends off of MTE cables, solder them to the wires, and then shrink wrap the solder in the color of the wire. The shrink wrap is both so that the solder is secure, and so that the wires are the correct color at the end.

STEP 4: Learn About How Stepper Motors Work - Optional


Previous to writing this I had really no knowledge of stepper motors, there was quite a steep learning curve.

This step is optional because to use this code you really don't need to know how stepper motors work, so if you just want to use it that's okay with me, but I wouldn't suggest it. If you want to modify it you'll need to understand how they work.

I found this video extremely helpful by Kevin Darrah. In it he controls the stepper motor with some buttons. This demonstrates the signals that need to be sent to move the motor in either direction.

Essentially stepper motors are controlled by two coils. You send a high and low signal to each side of the coils to activate them. To make the motor move you alternate which coil is activated and with which orientation.

To use the servo motor in full step mode, you activate one coil at a time, i.e. send a high signal to only one wire at a time.

STEP 5: The Basic Idea Behind the Code

I find in FPGA design the easiest way for me to collect my thoughts and figure out how I'm going to control something is with a state diagram.

I knew from my research, that in order to drive the stepper motor in full step mode, I needed to activate one coil at a time, this meant one wire should be driven high at a time. So, in each of my active states, Sig4, Sig3, Sig2, and Sig1, the output is Signal, which contains the signal to each of the wires. In each of these states only one signal is driven. This means that one of the coils will be active.

Going between these active states depends on the direction. If I want to stay going the same direction, i.e. dir was equal to 1 and still is equal to 1, I go one direction through the states, if I want to change direction, i.e, dir changes from 1 to 0 I go the opposite direction in the states.

If I am in any of these active states and en, or enable turns off, I move to the Sig0 state where there is no signal high, so no coils are on, this will stop the motor. If enable is turned back on I return back to the active states.

The speed that the motor steps is the speed at which you move through these states, or the clock signal sent to this state machine.

STEP 6: Download and Open the Vivado Project

Download the zip file attached to this step.

Unzip the file and open the vivado project. You can do this either by double clicking on the file or opening vivado and selecting open project.

Note: I used Vivado 2015.4 to create this project. If you have a different version installed I would suggest creating a new project in your version, then adding each of the source files.

You would need to add, pmod_step_interface.v, clk_div.v, pmod_step_driver.v, and claw_constraints.xdc.

STEP 7: Generate the Bit File and Program Your Board

Once the file is open you can generate the bit file and program the board.

To generate the bit file double click generate bitstream.

To program the board open the hardware manager, open target and program the board.

STEP 8: Plug the PmodSTEP Into the Basys3

Next you'll need to plug the Pmod step into the Basys3, I used Pmod header JC in my code so it will need to be plugged into that header.

STEP 9: Plug the Motor Into the PmodSTEP

The motor I have is a bipolar stepper motor so it has four leads, like the one in the image on the left. So I will be using the 4 pin connector.

Plug in the leads to the 4 pin header in the order, black, red, green, blue. Your set up should look like the image in this step.

Flip SW1 to enable the motor, and you should see it begin to move.

Flip SW0 to change direction.

If you are interested in more projects like this, more background on stepper motors, or my progress on creating the claw game check out the Digilent blog, and the Digilent MakerSpace.

8 Comments

sehaque 2 years ago

hi, I'm investigatng adapting this experiment to a Zynq (AVNET MInized) or a Spartan-7 (Seeed Studio Spartan Edge Accelerator) FPGA board utilizing your code as a base template - and wanted to check with you if you had to supply a different value for Vss, Vdd (see PMOD STEP schematic) as I think the PMOD specifications support 3.3V and the L293D driver chip accepts 4.5V as the minimum voltage for both Vs (Logic Supply Voltage, #20) and Vss (Supply Voltage, #10)?

Ahmed007yym 4 years ago

Can i use another different type of the stepper motor such as 28 BYJ-48 Geared Stepper Motor and ULN2003A Stepper Motor Driver Board

homeslice244 4 years ago

Awesome work with the FSM and everything, its a very clever way of getting the logic going for these guys. It is a good thing to note however that driving the motors you picked for this at their rated torque is not possible with the way you have this set up since the driver youre using cant source above 600mA give or take. The board also cant provide the step up in voltage if you wanted to get beefier drivers, you would instead need an external supply. This would work wonderfully for much smaller steppers though!

Udhaya26 4 years ago

Do you have the code

armeel232 5 years ago

please can you write with VHDL stepper motor control

joeshannel 6 years ago

how can interface a four phase stepper motor with the above PMOD