500W electric scooter control and instrumentation with Arduino mega
1. Introduction
DC 500W motor control with an Arduino mega to limit starting current and to vary the speed of the scooter. The battery is in 24V, 10A.h. The following table summarizes their characteristics:
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a014.jpg
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a111.jpg
2. Bibliography:
Link download :
sketch_escooter_feed_back_reel_V1.ino
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_fB3GAsM02FSlRTWHdyRkhuUW8/view?usp=sharing
escooter_ampli_SIMULINK.mdl
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_fB3GAsM02FOW9OdmlhdDhJZGc/view?usp=sharing
escooter feed back ISIS.DSN
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_fB3GAsM02FOXdRWFN5OWRMQkE/view?usp=sharing
youtube : "study trotinette electric e-scooter 100W et 350W, wiring" youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqJ2-YiE8Tg&index=75&list=PLfZunVn_gcq7EOurXuWU2sRFmh6CbiUiL
Article: «Study of electric scooters 100W and 500W (Arduino), Revue 3EI 2017»
Pdf?
Book «I realize my electric vehicle» at DUNOD
3. Open loop program
To test the programming, we simulate the program in ISIS, as can be seen in the following figure. In addition, we have an LCD display to display data (duty cycle corresponding to the PWM at 32Khz, motor current, motor voltage, action on the pushbuttons, 4 push buttons are used.
BP1 to manually increment the duty cycle, BP2 decrement it. BP3 set the duty cycle to 0, corresponding to the brake contact.
The speed of the motor is practically proportional to the duty cycle
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a211.jpg
We made our own current amplifier called a step-down chopper but it is possible to buy a shield
There are many cards for Arduino to control DC motors especially of low powers and also of great powers as can be observed on the following links.http://www.robotpower.com/products/MegaMotoPlus_info.html
http://www.robotshop.com/en/dc-motor-driver-2-15a.html
https://www.pololu.com/file/0J51/vnh3sp30.pdf
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a310.jpg
But all these chopper shields measure the current internally but there is no current limitation.
In order to have a current limitation, an analog current loop is required using specialized AOP or IC or a fast digital current loop.
But what should be the value of the limitation current?
The choice of the current value is normally for the 1-hour operation service in order to be able to carry out relatively long climbs without reaching the critical temperature of the engine.
In our case, the limitation current must be
Limiting motor = Power / Upper battery = 500W / 24V = 20A
In addition, the power transistor of the chopper can only support 50A in our case.
But in open loop, it has no current regulation, so as not to exceed the maximum current, a ramp of the duty cycle will be used.
A 0.1 second interruption routine will be used to measure the voltage of the current (sample measurement, sample). This sampling time is arbitrary but does not allow to be faster than the rise time of the current because the electric time constant of the motor is L / R = 1.5 ms.
Open loop operation with a 25.5s (8bit) ramp and 0.1s interrupt routine provides a good understanding of the operation of a DC motor drive.
The display will only be done every 0.2s to have a stability of the digits on the screen. In addition, a digital filtering will be done on the current and the voltage on 4 values therefore on 0.4s.
[b] Algo open loop [/b]
Interrupt Routine All 0.1S
Read voltage and current
Loop loop (push button scan)
If BP1 = 1 then increment PWM
If BP2 = 1 then decrement PWM
If BP3 = 1 then PWM = 0
Displaying variables every 0.2s
Code: [Select]
// include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <TimerOne.h>
#define SERIAL_PORT_LOG_ENABLE 1
#define Led 13 // 13 for the yellow led on the map
#define BP1 30 // 30 BP1
#define BP2 31 // 31 BP2
#define BP3 32 // 32 BP3
#define LEDV 33 // 33 led
#define LEDJ 34 // 34 led
#define LEDR 35 // 35 led
#define relay 36 // 36 relay
#define PWM10 10 //11 timer2
LiquidCrystal lcd(27, 28, 25, 24, 23, 22); // RS=12, Enable=11, D4=5, D5=4, D6= 3, D7=2, BPpoussoir=26
// Configuring variables
unsigned int UmoteurF = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
unsigned int Umoteur = 0;
unsigned int Umoteur2 = 0;
unsigned int Umoteur3 = 0;
unsigned int Umoteur4 = 0;
unsigned int ImoteurF = 0;
unsigned int Imoteur = 0;
unsigned int Imoteur2 = 0;
unsigned int Imoteur3 = 0;
unsigned int Imoteur4 = 0;
byte Rcy=0 ; // 8bit duty cycle
unsigned int temps;
// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
pinMode(Led, OUTPUT); // Arduino card
pinMode(LEDV, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LEDR, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LEDJ, OUTPUT);
pinMode (PWM10,OUTPUT); // Pin (10) output timer2
// digitalWrite(LEDV,LOW);
Timer1.initialize(100000); // initialize timer1, and set a 0,1 second period => 100 000
Timer1.attachInterrupt(callback); // attaches callback() as a timer overflow interrupt
lcd.begin(20, 4);
Serial1.begin(9600);
TCCR2B = (TCCR2B & 0b11111000) | 0x01; //pin 10 32khz http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/TimerPWMCheatsheet
//http://www.pobot.org/Modifier-la-frequence-d-un-PWM.html
// analogWriteResolution(bits) https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWriteResolution
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Rcy");
lcd.setCursor(10,1);
lcd.print("Um");
lcd.setCursor(5,1);
lcd.print("Im");
lcd.setCursor(10,1);
lcd.print("Um");
lcd.setCursor(20,1); // 4 lines display * 20 characters
lcd.print("BP1+");
lcd.setCursor(25,1);
lcd.print("BP2-");
lcd.setCursor(29,1);
lcd.print("BP3=0");
}
// Interruptions tous les 0.1s
void callback() {
temps++;
//toogle state ledv for check
if ( digitalRead(LEDV)== 1 ) {digitalWrite(LEDV,LOW);}
else {digitalWrite(LEDV,HIGH);}
analogWrite(PWM10,Rcy); // frequency
Umoteur=analogRead(A0);
Imoteur=analogRead(A1);
Imoteur2=Imoteur;
Imoteur3=Imoteur2;
Imoteur4=Imoteur3;
ImoteurF=(Imoteur4+Imoteur3+Imoteur2+Imoteur)/4 ;
Umoteur2=Umoteur;
Umoteur3=Umoteur2;
Umoteur4=Umoteur3;
UmoteurF=(Umoteur4+Umoteur3+Umoteur2+Umoteur)/4 ;
}// End routine
// Loop corresponding to main function
void loop() {
// BP + LED
if ((digitalRead(BP1))==1) {
lcd.setCursor(20,0); // Column line
lcd.print("BP1");
digitalWrite(LEDR, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDJ, LOW);
Rcy++; // PWM incrementation
if ( Rcy>254) {Rcy=254;}
delay(100); //8bits * 100ms = 25S increment 25ssecond slope
}
if ((digitalRead(BP2))==1) {
lcd.setCursor(20,0);
lcd.print("BP2");
Rcy--;
if ( Rcy<2) {Rcy=2;} // PWM almost at 0, engine stop
delay(100);
digitalWrite(LEDR, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDJ, HIGH);
}
if ((digitalRead(BP3))==1) {
lcd.setCursor(20,0);
lcd.print("BP3");
Rcy=2; // PWM almost at 0, engine stop
}
if (temps>=2) {
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" "); // Erase line
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(Rcy);
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
ImoteurF=(ImoteurF)/20; //resistance (5/1024)*(10/0.25ohm) si ACS712 66mV/A
// For resistance 1ohm (ImoteurF) / 20; Simulation 5/25
lcd.print(ImoteurF);
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
UmoteurF=UmoteurF*10/38; //10/38 10/30 simula
if (Umoteur>ImoteurF){UmoteurF=UmoteurF-ImoteurF; } //U-R*I
lcd.print(UmoteurF);
temps=0;
}// End if time
} // End loop
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/dsc_0614.jpg
Since there is a limit of 9000 characters in the forum below
Open loop program feature previous
The interrupt routine lasts only 250 microseconds, the loop of the main program which scans the action of push buttons is 13micros and the display time of all data is 11ms. Thus, it is possible to improve the sampling period and thus the speed of the regulation of the current.
The Arduino makes it possible to make the instrumentation of the scooter so to know the power, the consumption in Ah and Wh, to measure the speed, to know the consumption according to Wh / km, to measure the temperature of the engine, Have a safe operation.
But for now we will see how to limit the current
4. Closed loop program, limited current control
The sampling period will increase to 0.01 seconds (interrupt routine)
If the current is less than the desired value, then the duty cycle can be increased or decreased to the desired value which is the setpoint.
On the other hand, if the motor current is greater than the limiting value, there is a rapid decrease in the duty cycle.
So as not to exceed the value of the duty cycle if it is saturated to 254 maximum and to the minimum value 6.
Code: [Select]
if (Imoteur<4000) // No current limitation at (20A * 10) * 20 = 4000
{if (consigne>Rcy) {Rcy=Rcy+1;} // Pwm ramp + 1 * 0.01second pure integrator
if (consigne<Rcy && Rcy!=0) {Rcy=Rcy-1;} // The decrementing is done only for the acceleration grip or with BP2
if ( Rcy>254) {Rcy=254;} // Limitation of duty cycle
analogWrite(PWM10,Rcy); // Frequency 32kHz timer2}
}
if (Imoteur>4000) { Rcy=Rcy-5; // No current filtering, to be faster
if ( Rcy<6) {Rcy=5;} // Rcy is not signed, nor the PWM therefore Rcy minimum must not be less than 6
analogWrite(PWM10,Rcy); // Frequency 32kHz timer2}
}
5. Closed Loop Program, Limited Current Control with Acceleration Handle
An acceleration handle provides a 0.8V voltage when not operated and a 4.5V voltage when the handle is fully engaged.
Instead of using pushbuttons to increase or decrease the speed setpoint, an acceleration handle will be used
Code: [Select]
Upoignee=analogRead(A3); // The relation in Upoign and the setpoint which corresponds to the duty cycle corresponds to
if (Upoignee>100) { consigne=(Upoignee/2); //0=a*200+b et 255=a*800+b
consigne= consigne-100;
}
else { consigne=0; }
if (Upoignee<100) { consigne=0; } // redundancy
6. Temperature and safety program of the motor with the current measurement
The outdoor temperature measurement can be easily performed by the LM35 component which charges 0.01V by degrees Celsius
Code: [Select]
temperature=analogRead(A2); //lm35 0.01V/°C
temperature=temperature/2; // Temperature coefficient
lcd.setCursor(5,2);
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.setCursor(5,2);
lcd.print(temperature); // Display in ° C
lcd.setCursor(9,2); // Erasing secu display
lcd.print(" ");
if (temperature>80 ) {lcd.setCursor(9,2); // If motor external temperature is above 80 ° C
lcd.print("secuT");
Rcy=0;}
In addition, thermal safety by measuring the motor current will be added.
If the limitation current is greater than 10s then the motor will no longer be powered for 30s.
A "secu" display will appear on the LCD display.
This safety makes it possible to cut the motor on slope too high and when blocking the engine but it would be necessary to add the measurement of the speed in the latter case
Code: [Select]
if (timesecurite>=10000 ) {flagarret=1;
// If limitation current for a current of more than 10s
timerepos=0;
consigne=0;
Rcy=0;
timesecurite=0;} // Then stop engine during a downtime
if (flagarret==1 ) {lcd.setCursor(9,2); // If limiting current for a current of more than 20s
lcd.print("secU"); } // Then stopping the motor for a stop time and display
if (timerepos>=30000 && flagarret==1) {flagarret=0;
lcd.setCursor(9,2); // After a rest time here of 30s
lcd.print(" "); }
The display can be observed if the temperature is above 80 ° C
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a017.jpg
Thermal safety by measuring the motor current (digital thermal relay) which allows to know the image of the internal temperature of the engine would be ideal. But for this, it is necessary to know well the thermal modeling of the motor.
7. Measurement of the energy capacity of the battery
The energy capacity of a battery is in A.H, we will display the value in mA.H to have a high accuracy. The capacity will be in A.Second in the following equation. So to have in mA.H, it will be divided by capacity by3600.
Capacity (A.s) n = I * Te + Cn-1 with Te = 0.01s and I multiplied by 10
So in the interrupt routine
Code: [Select]
capacity=ImoteurF+capacity ;
And in the display
Code: [Select]
lcd.setCursor(0,3); // Display of energy capacity
lcd.print("C mA.h=");
capacity1=capacity/(18000); //18000=3600*5 5=> Current measurement coefficient
lcd.print(capacity1);
To check a current of 10A with an adjustable resistor and after 30s, the capacity must be 83mA.H
8. Power and modeling with SIMULINK
Modeling helps to understand the vehicle and its control. In addition, it is possible to compile the control part directly into the Arduino program from simulation under Simulink. But it will not be possible to simulate the instrumentation with the LCD display.
In the following figure, we can observe the simulation of the programming of the chopper with the current limitation with Simulink. In the following figure, the green box shows the duty cycle control to vary the speed and the red border the current limitation. The controller of the control is here a simple integrator but it is possible to carry out a multitude of control.
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/azub_c15.jpg
In the previous figure, it can be observed that the current is well limited to 25A from 2s to 9.5s. Then, the current reaches 10.8A under established speed regime at 22.5km / h. The dynamics are similar to the tests carried out.
With a slope of 5%, the cyclic ratio reaches only 100% as can be seen in the following figure. The speed will reach painfully 19km / h with a current of 24A and a motor power of 580W.
See article: Study of electric scooters 100W and 500W (Arduino),
9. First conclusion
It is easy to control a 500W DC motor with an Arduino and some components
So repair many scooters that are in DC motors.
But it takes some knowledge (automatic, engine) to know how to properly manage the engine and limit its current so as not to damage it
The display of the speed, the distance, the operating time to know the Watt.km / km can also be realized with a menu 2.
The .ino program as an attached file,
But it is not possible to put an attached file in ISIS electronic labcenter?
What is this forum?
It would be desirable that the compiler could generate the.cof to debug in Isis and test the program line by line ....
Arduino still has to make a lot of effort to be on the same level as other microcontrollers
10. speed measurement (tachometer)
Velocity measurement is carried out using a hall effect sensor SS495 or A1324 which counts each revolution of the wheel. It is enough to enter the perimeter of the wheel of the scooter (130mm of radius therefore 0.816m in the case
To have the speed, it is enough just to divide the number of turn of wheel on an arbitrary time of 1s to have a minimum speed of 0.81m / s therefore of 2.93 km / h. In addition, an average filter with 3 values will be used to display the speed. At 25km / h, there will be 8.5 laps.
To count the turns, an external interrupt routine will be used on input INT0 21 of the mega card.
http://www.locoduino.org/spip.php?article64
To simulate the speed, a pulse on input 21 will be used with a duty cycle of 10%.
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a018.jpg
Code: [Select]
void INT0b21() {
Tspeed++; // External interruption to count the number of turns
}
// In the set up declare the interrupt routine when the 5V edge of the magnet detection is done
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(21), INT0b21, RISING ); // External interruption
// In loop
if (temps09>=5) { // 1 second loop
lcd.setCursor(13,2); // Erasing speed
lcd.print("kph ");
lcd.setCursor(16,2);
speed1=Tspeed*2937; //1tour*816*3.6/1s=2.937km/h
speed2=speed1; //Tspeed (rate/seconde)
speed3=speed2;
speedF=(speed1+speed2+speed3)/3000; // To put in kph
lcd.print(speedF,1); // Display to the nearest tenth
Tspeed=0; // Reset counter
temps09=0; //reset time
}
To improve the accuracy of the velocity measurement, it is possible that the sampling time of the velocity measurement is dependent on the velocity.
For example:
For speeds less than 10km / h sample at 1second, but above 10km / h sample at 2 seconds.
11. Distance measurement for autonomy
The distance corresponds to the total number of turns of the wheel multiplied by the perimeter of the wheel.
So do not set the number of turns to 0 for each sample.
On the other hand, the reset of the distance will be done when pressing the reset of the Arduino Mega.
The distance display will be displayed to the nearest second.
At 32km / h, it will take 2 minutes to do 1km as can be seen in the following figure:
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/a019.jpg
Code: [Select]
void INT0b21() {
Tspeed++; // External interruption to count speed
nbrRate++;
}
lcd.setCursor(13,4);
lcd.print("km "); //
distance=(nbrRate*816)/1000; //distance m
distance=distance/1000; //distance km
lcd.setCursor(15,4);
lcd.print(distance,1);
You can observe the electrical installation with the chopper, the arduino, and the display when the program is set up
https://i58.servimg.com/u/f58/17/56/35/17/dsc_0613.jpg
12. Synthesis
The RAM space is used only at 4% and ROM space at 3%, for an Arduino mega. So we could take an arduino a little smaller.
But, there are 8 Lipo cells to make the 24V power supply to power the engine via the chopper. Therefore, the voltage measurement of each element will be on the Arduino with a JST connector. This measurement makes it possible to know if a cell with an internal resistance which begins to pose a problem and to know if the balancing of each cell has indeed been carried out.
It is possible to switch to 36V with 12 cells also with the arduino mega without using an external shield that multiplex 24 analog inputs on input A0
It is possible to send all data to a smartphone via Bluetooth HC06 via pins 20, 21, RX1 and TX1. But the application under android realized under JAVA Studio can not be shared on this forum. This part will not be explained.
After having made the instrumentation of this scooter, a study should be carried out on the precision of the measurements, it is possible to read
"Instrumentation of a low-power electrical motor vehicle" eco marathon "type Revue 3EI N ° 81, July 2015
http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2015/09/07/instrumentation-vehicule-faible-consommation-eco-marathon/
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