Introduction: Hardwood Shelves
When you graduate from milkcrates, but cannot bring yourself to buy disposable Ikea furniture for ethical, environmental, or repressed-childhood-memories-of-parents-who-loved-the-Swedish-crap reasons, build some hardwood shelves. Woodworking is often relaxing, and you'll end up with hand-made furniture you can be proud of.
Step 1: Get Lumber
Go to a nice lumber store and get some hardwood. In the Bay Area I go to PALS and buy certified hardwood. Certified means that the wood was grown and harvested in a sustainable way.
The wood will be measured in board feet. Roughly, a board foot is a measure of volume equal to 144 cubic inches; however, as with any trade specific measurement, it's not quite that simple. Rounding errors need to be dealt with properly.
Step 2: Straighten the Lumber
The wood will be bowed and crowned. You can fix this with a jointer. Next use a thickness planer to make all the pieces the same thickness. I skipped this step because I don't have these tools.
Step 3: Rip the Lumber to the Same Width
Rip the wood to the same width using a table saw. Make a smooth flat cut on one side of all the pieces. Set a stop just thinner than the thinnest piece and rip all the pieces to the same thickness cutting on the opposite side.
Step 4: Cut the Pieces to Length
I like lots of low, narrow bookshelves. I usually aim for two shelves 23 inches wide, 12.5 inches tall, and around 8 inches deep. This yields an overall shelf 28 inches tall and 25 inches wide.
Use a miter saw with a sharp blade. A blade in nearly any condition will cut pine from Home Depot, but hardwood is much easier to burn.
I like to hide the end grain on my shelves, so I cut the outside pieces on a 45 degree angle.
Step 5: Layout
Layout the shelves to check all the dimensions and mark attachment points. You can connect the piece with wood screws, but I prefer using a biscuit (or plate) joiner because there are no external marks.
Step 6: Cut Slots
Cut the slots for the biscuits.
Step 7: Pre-assembly
Put in the biscuits and pre-assemble to check all the joints.
I use a set of tie-down clamps to avoid damaging the corners of the wood.
Step 8: Back-stop
I like to be able to see the color of the wall behind a bookshelf, so instead of a solid back, I put a 2 inch high back-stop, which is also attached by biscuits.
Step 9: Sand
Sand all the faces of the pieces, but not the edges. Save the edges until after it is assembled, so you can smooth corners that are not quite a perfect fit.
I use 100 grit paper with a pad sander.
Step 10: Glue and Clamp
Glue and clamp the back-stop first.
Use a piece of scrap wood to prevent the clamps from damaging the wood surface. When these are dry, glue and assemble the whole shelf.
The tie-down clamps come in very handy here. Again, be really careful not to nick or dent the wood. It?s a lot harder to fix once glued.
Make sure you have all the necessary clamps, tie-downs, paper towels, and scrap wood ready before you put glue on the biscuits.
Step 11: Sand the Edges Smooth
Sand the edges smooth with 100 grit paper paying special attention to the interfaces.
Step 12: Hand Sand
Hand sand the entire project using 220 grit.
Step 13: Test Stain Choice
Test your choice of stain on a scrap piece of sanded hardwood.
Step 14: Remove Dust
Remove all dust from the shelves.
Step 15: Stain
Stain the wood according to the stain's directions. Typically you brush the stain on and let it sit for a period of time before wiping it off with a rag.