Introduction: RTK GPS Driven Mower
This robot mower is capable of fully automatic grass cutting on a predetermined course. Thanks to RTK GPS guidance the course is reproduced with each mowing with a precision better than 10 centimeters.
Step 1: INTRODUCTION
We will describe here a robot mower able to cut the grass completely automatically on a course determined in advance. Thanks to RTK GPS guidance the course is reproduced at each mowing with a precision better than 10 centimeters (my experience). The control is based on an Aduino Mega card, supplemented by some shields of motor control, accelerometers and compass as well as a memory card.
It is a non-professional achievement, but it has allowed me to realize the problems encountered in agricultural robotics. This very young discipline is developing rapidly, spurred by new legislation on the reduction of weeds and pesticides. For example, here is a link to the latest agricultural robotics fair in Toulouse (https://www.fira-agtech.com/). Some companies such as Naio Technologies are already manufacturing operational robots (https://www.naio-technologies.com/).
In comparison, my achievement is very modest but it nevertheless makes it possible to understand interest and challenges in a playful way. .... And then it really works! ... and can therefore be used to cut grass around his house, while preserving his free time...
Even if I do not describe the realization in the last details, the indications that I give are valuable for the one who would like to launch. Do not hesitate to ask questions or make suggestions, which will allow me to complete my presentation for the benefit of everyone.
I would be really happy if this type of project could give much younger people a taste for engineering.... in order to be ready for the great robolution that awaits us....
Moreover, this type of project would be perfectly suited to a group of motivated young people in a club or fablab, to practice working as a project group, with mechanical, electrical, software architects headed by a system engineer, as in the industry.
Step 2: MAIN SPECIFICATIONS
The aim is to produce an operational prototype mower capable of mowing grass autonomously on terrain that may have significant irregularities (meadows rather than lawns).
Field containment cannot be based on a physical barrier or buried guide wire limitation as for lawn mowing robots. The fields to be mowed are indeed variable and of large surface.
For the cutting bar, the objective is to maintain the grass’s growth at a certain height after a first mowing or brushing obtained by another means.
Step 3: GENERAL PRESENTATION
The system consists of a mobile robot and a fixed base.
On the mobile robot we find:
- The dashboard
- The general control box including a memory card.
- the manual joystick
- The GPS configured as a "rover" and the RTK Receiver
- 3 motorized wheels
- Roller motors of wheels
- the cutting bar consisting of 4 rotating discs each carrying 3 cutter blades on the periphery (cutting width of 1 metre)
- the cutting bar management box
- the batteries
In the fixed base we find the GPS configured as "base" as well as the transmitter of the RTK corrections. We note that the antenna is placed in height so as to radiate for a few hundred meters around the house.
In addition, the GPS antenna is in sight of the whole sky without any occultation by buildings or vegetation.
The Rover modes and GPS base will be described and explained in the GPS section.
Step 4: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (1/4)
I propose to get acquainted with the robot through its manual which makes well appear all its functionalities.
Description of the dashboard:
- A general switch
- A first 3-position selector allows to select the operating modes: manual travel mode, track recording mode, mowing mode
- A push button is used as a marker. We will see its uses.
- Two other 3-position selectors are used to select a file number from 9. We therefore have 9 mowing files or journey records for 9 different fields.
- A 3-position selector is dedicated to the control of the cutting bar. OFF position, ON position, programmed control position.
- Two line display
- a 3-position selector to define 3 different displays
- a LED that indicates the status of the GPS. Leds off, no GPS. Leds flashing slowly, GPS without RTK corrections. Fast flashing LED, RTK corrections received. Leds lit, GPS lock on highest accuracy.
Finally, the joystick has two 3-position selectors. The left one controls the left wheel, the right one controls the right wheel.
Step 5: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (2/4)
Manual operation mode (GPS not required)
After turning on and selecting this mode with the mode selector, the machine is controlled with the joystick.
The two 3-position selectors have a return spring which always returns them to the middle position, corresponding to the stopping of the wheels.
When the left and right levers are pushed forward the two rear wheels turn and the machine goes straight.
When you pull the two levers back, the machine goes straight back.
When a lever is pushed forward, the machine turns around the stationary wheel.
When one lever is pushed forward and the other back, the machine rotates around itself at a point in the middle of the axle joining the rear wheels.
The motorization of the front wheel automatically adjusts according to the two controls placed on the two rear wheels.
Finally, in manual mode it is also possible to mow grass. For this purpose, after having checked that no one is near the cutting discs, we put ON the management box of the cutting bar ("hard" switch for security). The instrument panel cut selector is then placed on ON. At this moment the 4 discs of the cutting bar are rotating. .
Step 6: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (3/4)
Track recording mode (GPS required)
- Before starting to record a run, an arbitrary reference point for the field is defined and marked with a small stake. This point will be the origin of the coordinates in the geographical frame (photo)
- We then select the file number in which the journey will be recorded, thanks to the two selectors on the dashboard.
- ON base is set
- Check that the GPS status LED starts flashing quickly.
- Exit manual mode by placing the instrument panel mode selector in the recording position.
- The machine is then manually moved to the reference point position. Precisely it is the GPS antenna that must be above this landmark. This GPS antenna is located above the point centered between the two rear wheels and which is the point of rotation of the machine on itself.
- Wait until the GPS status LED is now lit without flashing. This indicates that the GPS is at its maximum accuracy ("Fix" GPS).
- The original 0.0 position is marked by pressing the dashboard marker.
- We then move to the next point that we want to map. As soon as it is reached, we signal it using the marker.
- In order to terminate the recording we switch back to manual mode.
Step 7: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (4/4)
Mowing mode (GPS required)
First, you have to prepare the points file that the machine has to go through in order to mow the entire field without leaving an uncut surface. To do this we get the file saved in the memory card and from these coordinates, using for example Excel, we generate a list of points as on the photo. For each of the points to be reached, we indicate whether the cutting bar is ON or OFF. Since it is the cutting bar that consumes the most power (from 50 to 100 Watts depending on the grass), it is necessary to be careful to put OFF the cutting bar when crossing an already mowed field for example.
As the mowing board is generated, the memory card is put back on its shield in the control drawer.
All that remains then is to put ON the base and go to the mowing field, just above the reference landmark. The mode selector is then set to "Mow".
At this point the machine will wait by itself for the GPS RTK lock in "Fix" to zero the coordinates and start mowing.
When the mowing is finished, it will return alone to the starting point, with an accuracy of about ten centimeters.
During mowing, the machine moves in a straight line between two consecutive points of the point file. The cutting width is 1.1 meters Since the machine has a width between wheels of 1 meter and can rotate around a wheel (see video), it is possible to make adjacent mowing strips. This is very effective !
Step 8: MECHANICAL PART
The structure of the robot
The robot is built around a lattice structure of aluminium tubes, which gives it good stiffness. Its dimensions are about 1.20 meters long, 1 meter wide and 80 cm high.
The wheels
It can move thanks to 3 child bike wheels in diameter 20 inches: Two rear wheels and a front wheel similar to the wheel of supermarket carts (photos 1 and 2). The relative movement of the two rear wheels ensures its orientation
.
The roller motors
Because of the irregularities in the field, it is necessary to have large torque ratios and therefore a large reduction ratio. For this purpose I used the principle of roller pressing on the wheel, as on a solex (photos 3 and 4). The large reduction makes it possible to keep the machine stable in a slope, even when the engine power is cut. In return, the machine advances slowly (3 meters/ minute)...but the grass also grows slowly....
For the mechanical design I used the drawing software Openscad (very efficient script software). In parallel for the detail plans I used Drawing from Openoffice.
Step 9: RTK GPS (1/3)
Simple GPS
The simple GPS (photo 1), the one in our car has an accuracy of only a few meters. If we record the position indicated by such a GPS maintained fixed for an hour for example, we will observe fluctuations of several meters. These fluctuations are due to disturbances in the atmosphere and ionosphere, but also to errors in the satellites' clocks and errors in the GPS itself. It is therefore not suitable for our application.
RTK GPS
To improve this accuracy, two Gps are used at a distance of less than 10 km (photo 2). Under these conditions, we can consider that the disturbances of the atmosphere and the ionosphere are identical on each GPS. Thus the difference in position between the two GPS is no longer disturbed (differential). If we now attach one of the GPS (the base) and place the other on a vehicle (the rover), we will obtain precisely the movement of the vehicle from the base without disturbances. Moreover, these GPS perform a time of flight measurement much more precise over than the simple GPS (phase measurements on the carrier).
Thanks to these improvements, we will obtain a centimetric measurement accuracy for the movement of the rover relative to the base.
It is this RTK (Real Time Kinematic) system that we have chosen to use.
Step 10: RTK GPS (2/3)
I bought 2 RTK GPS circuits (photo 1) from the company Navspark.
These circuits are mounted on a small PCB equipped with 2.54 mm pitch pins, which therefore mounts directly on the test plates.
As the project is located in the south-west of France, I chose circuits working with the constellations of American GPS satellites as well as the Russian constellation Glonass.
It is important to have the maximum number of satellites in order to benefit from the best accuracy. In my case, I currently have between 10 and 16 satellites.
We also have to buy
- 2 USB adapters, needed to connect the GPS circuit to a PC (tests and configuration)
- 2 GPS antennas + 2 adapter cables
- a pair of 3DR transmitter-receivers so that the base can issue its corrections to the rover and the rover receive them.
Step 11: RTK GPS (3/3)
The GPS notice found on the Navspark site allows the circuits to be implemented gradually.
http://navspark.mybigcommerce.com/content/NS-HP-GL-User-Guide.pdf
On the Navspark website we will also find
- the software to be installed on its Windows PC to view GPS outputs and program circuits in base and rover.
- A description of the GPS data format (NMEA phrases)
All these documents are in English but are relatively easy to understand. Initially, the implementation is done without the slightest electronic circuit thanks to the USB adapters which also provide all electrical power supplies.
The progression is as follows:
- Testing individual circuits that function as simple GPS. Cloud view of bridges shows stability of a few meters.
- Programming one circuit in ROVER and the other in BASE
- Building a RTK system by connecting the two modules with a single wire. The cloud view of bridges shows a relative stability of ROVER/BASE of a few centimeters!
- Replacement of the BASE and ROVER connecting wire by the 3DR transceivers. Here again the operation in RTK allows a stability of a few centimeters. But this time BASE and ROVER are no longer connected by a physical link.....
- Replacement of PC visualization with an Arduino board programmed to receive GPS data on a serial input... (see below)
Step 12: ELECTRICAL PART (1/2)
The electrical control box
Photo 1 shows the main control box boards which will be detailed below.
Wiring of the GPS
The base and mower GPS wiring is shown in Figure 2.
This cabling is naturally achieved by following the progress of the GPS instructions (see GPS section). In all cases, there is a USB adapter that allows you to program the circuits either in base or in rover thanks to the PC software provided by Navspark. Thanks to this program, we also have all the position information, number of satellites, etc...
In the mower section, the Tx1 pin of the GPS is connected to the 19 (Rx1) serial input of the ARDUINO MEGA board to receive the NMEA phrases.
In the base the Tx1 pin of the GPS is sent to the Rx pin of the 3DR radio for sending the corrections. In the mower the corrections received by the 3DR radio are sent to the pin Rx2 of the GPS circuit.
It is noted that these corrections and their management are fully ensured by the GPS RTK circuits. Thus, the Aduino MEGA board receives only corrected position values.
Step 13: ELECTRICAL PART (2/2)
The Arduino MEGA board and its shields
- MEGA arduino board
- Rear wheel motors shield
- Front wheel motor shield
- Shield arte SD
In Figure 1, it is noted that plug-in connectors were placed between the boards so that the heat dissipated in the engine boards could vent. In addition, these inserts allow you to cut unwanted links between the cards, without having to modify them.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show how the positions of the instrument panel inverters and the joystick are read.
Step 14: THE ARDUINO DRIVING PROGRAM
The microcontroller board is an Arduino MEGA (UNO not having enough memory). The driving program is very simple and classic. I have developed a function for each basic operation to be performed (dashboard reading, GPS data acquisition, LCD display, machine advance or rotation control, etc...). These functions are then easily used in the main program. The slow speed of the machine (3 meters/ minute) makes things much easier.
However, the cutting bar is not managed by this program but by the program of the UNO board which is located in the specific box.
In the SETUP part of the program we find
- Useful pin initializations of the MEGA board in inputs or outputs;
- LCD display initialization
- SD memory card initialization
- Initialization of the transfer speed from the hardware serial interface to the GPS;
- Initialization of the transfer speed from the serial interface to the IDE;
- Shutting down engines and cutting bar
In the LOOP part of the program we find at the beginning
- Instrument panel and joystick, GPS, compass and accelerometer readings;
- a 3-lead selector, depending on the status of the instrument panel mode selector (manual, recording, mowing)
The LOOP loop is punctuated by the asynchronous reading of the GPS which is the slowest step. So we go back to the beginning of the loop about every 3 seconds.
In the normal mode bypass, the motion function is controlled according to the joystick and the display is updated approximately every 3 seconds (position, GPS status, compass direction, tilt...). A push on the marker BP zeroes the position coordinates that will be expressed in meters in the geographical landmark.
In the save mode shunt, all positions measured during the move are recorded on the SD card (period of about 3 seconds). When a point of interest is reached, pressing the marker is saved. in the SD card. The position of the machine is displayed every 3 seconds, in meters in the geographical landmark centered on the origin point.
In the mowing mode shunt: The machine was previously moved above the reference point. When switching the mode selector to "mowing", the program observes the GPS outputs and in particular the value of the status flag. When the status flag changes to "Fix", the program performs the position zero. The first point to reach is then read in the mowing file of the SD memory. When this point is reached, the turn of the machine is done as indicated in the mowing file, either around a wheel, or around the center of the two wheels.
The process repeats itself until the last point is reached (usually the starting point). At this point the program stops the machine and the cutting bar.
Step 15: THE CUTTING BAR AND ITS MANAGEMENT
The cutting bar consists of 4 discs rotating at the speed of 1200 rpm. Each disc is equipped with 3 cutter blades. These discs are arranged so as to make a continuous cutting band of 1.2 meters wide.
Engines must be controlled to limit current
- at start-up, due to the inertia of the discs
- during cutting, because of blockages caused by too much grass
For this purpose the current in the circuit of each motor is measured by low-value coiled resistors. The UNO board is wired and programmed to measure these currents and send a PWM command adapted to the motors.
Thus, at start-up, the speed gradually increases to its maximum value in 10 seconds. In case of blockage by grass, the engine stops for 10 seconds and retries for 2 seconds. If the problem persists, the 10-second rest and 2-second restart cycle starts again. Under these conditions, engine heating remains limited, even in the case of permanent blocking.
The engines start or stop when the UNO board receives the signal from the pilot program. However a hard switch allows to reliably switch off power to secure service operations
Step 16: WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ? WHAT IMPROVEMENTS ?
At the GPS level
Vegetation (trees) can limit the number of satellites in view of the vehicle and reduce accuracy or prevent RTK locking. It is therefore in our interest to use as many satellites as possible at the same time. It would therefore be interesting to complete the GPS and Glonass constellations with the Galileo constellation.
It should be possible to benefit from more than 20 satellites instead of a maximum of 15, which makes it possible to get rid of the skimming by vegetation.
Arduino RTK shields are starting to exist working simultaneously with these 3 constellations: https://www.ardusimple.com/product/simplertk2b-st...
Moreover, these shields are very compact (phot 1) because they include both the GPS circuit and the transceiver on the same support.
.... But the price is much higher than that of the circuits we used
Using a LIDAR to complement the GPS
Unfortunately, in arboriculture it happens that the vegetation cover is very important (hazel field for example). In this case, even with the 3 constellations RTK locking may not be possible.
It is therefore necessary to introduce a sensor which would allow to maintain the position even in the momentary absence of GPS.
It seems to me (I have not had the experience) that the use of a LIDAR could fulfill this function. The trunks of the trees are very easy to spot in this case and can be used to observe the robot’s progress. The GPS would resume its function at the end of the row, at the exit of the vegetation cover.
An example of a suitable type of LIDAR is as follows (Photo2):
