Signal Generator AD9833

A signal generator is a very useful piece of test gear. This one uses an AD9833 module and an Arduino Nano - that's all, not even a PCB. You can optionally add an OLED display. The AD9833 can gererate sine, triangle and square waves from 0.1 Hz to 12.5 MHz - the software in this project is limited to 1Hz to 100kHz.

There have been other Instructables using an Arduino and an AD9833, here and here. This is simpler and can be used as a sweep generator. Sweep generators help test the frequency response of filters, amplifiers and so on. Unlike the other Instructables designs, this does not include an amplifier or amplitude control but you could add them if you wanted.

Step 1: Simplest Signal Generator

For the simplest Signal Generator, you just solder the AD9833 module onto the back of the Arduino Nano. No PCB is needed.

The AD9833 module I chose is similar to this one. I'm not saying that's the best or cheapest supplier but you should buy one that looks like that photo (or the photo above).

The connections between the modules are:

• grounds connected together
• D2 = FSync
• D3 = Clk
• D4 = Data
• D6 = Vcc of AD9833

The AD9833 is powered from data pin D6 of the Arduino - the Arduino can supply sufficient current. I've added a 100n decoupling capacitor because I thought I "ought" to but I couldn't see any difference - there is already a decoupling capacitor on the AD9833 module board.

If you were being fancy, you might worry about "analogue ground" vs "digital ground" but if you were being fancy, you'd be spending more than £4.

The simplest Signal Generator is controlled and powered over a USB lead from a PC. The USB emulates a serial port running at 115200bps (8-bits, no parity). The commands are:

• '0'..'9': shift digit into "min" frequency array
• 'S': set AD9833 frequency and produce sine wave
• 'T': set frequency and produce triangle wave
• 'Q': set frequency and produce square wave
• 'R': reset the AD9833
• 'M': copy "min" frequency array into "max" array
• 'G': sweep from "min" to "max" over 1 second
• 'H': sweep from "min" to "max" over 5 seconds
• 'I': sweep from "min" to "max" over 20 seconds

The Arduino program contains two 6-character arrays "min" and "max. If you transmit a digit then it is shifted into the "min" array. If you send an 'S' then the "min" array characters are converted into a longint frequency and sent to the AD9833. So sending the string

002500S

will set the AD9833 output to a 2500Hz sine wave. You must always send all 6 digits. The minimum frequency is 000001 and the maximum frequency is 999999.

If you send an 'M' then the "min" array is copied into the "max" array. If you send an 'H' then the AD9833 repeatedly outputs a gradually increasing frequency over 5 seconds. It starts at "min" frequency and 5 seconds later is at "max" frequency. So

020000M000100SH

sweeps from 100Hz to 20kHz. The frequency change is logarithmic so after 1 second the frequency will be 288Hz, after 2 seconds 833Hz then 2402, 6931 and 20000. The frequency is changed every milliSecond.

The loop stops when the Arduino receives another character so be careful not to send the command followed by carriage-return or line-feed. That extra character would terminate the loop. If you're using the Serial Monitor, there's a box at the bottom right that might say for instance "Both NL & CR" which (I think) sends characters after your command. Set it to "No line ending".

You can download the Windows EXE program below which will send the required commands or you could write your own. The Arduino INO file is also here.

Step 2: Add an OLED

If you add an OLED and two buttons, the signal generator can work alone without a PC.

Those of you who have read my oscilloscope Instructable will recognise the similarity. The AD9833 module can be added to my oscilloscope to produce an "Oscilloscope and Signal Generator in a Matchbox".

The display is a 1.3" OLED running at 3.3V which is controlled by an SH1106 chip via an I2C bus.

Search eBay for 1.3" OLED. I don't want to recommend a particular seller as links quickly go out of date. Choose one that looks like that photo, says "I2C" or "IIC" and has four pins labelled VDD GND SCL SDA. (Some displays seem to have the pins in a different order. Check them. The proper name for the clock of I2C is "SCL" but on eBay the boards can be labelled "SCK" like my one in the photo.)

A fuller description of the OLED library is in my oscilloscope Instructable in Step 8. You should download and install the driver library SimpleSH1106.zip which is in Step 8. (I don't want to upload another copy here and have to maintain two copies.)

The INO file can be downloaded below. The pin numbers used for the OLED are declared around line 70. If you have built my "Oscilloscope and Signal Generator in a Matchbox" and want to test this INO file with it, alternative pin numbers are enabled via a #define.

I've shown a stripboard layout for the circuit. There are two stripboards - one for the Nano and the AD9833 and one for the display. They should form a sandwich. The boards are shown from the component side. Fine flexible wires join the two boards. Attach the boards together with soldered stand-offs. In my diagram, the copper of the stripboard is shown in cyan. Red lines are wire links on the stripboard or flexible wires joining the boards together. I haven't shown the power and "signal" leads.

The AD9833 module is soldered on the copper side of the stripboard - on the opposite side from the Nano. Solder pins onto the copper strips then fit the AD9833 onto them and solder it on.

The display shows either a single frequency or the "min" and "max" frequencies.

There are two pushbuttons: a "Horizontal" button to select a digit of the frequencies and a "Vertical" button to change that digit.

I power the signal generator from the circuit I'm developing - I always have 5V available at my workstation.

Step 3: Using a Two-Line LCD

mausi_mick has redesigned the circuit to use a 2-line LCD and a rotary encoder instead of the OLED and pushbuttons. This Step describes his design. You can see a video of it here.

He has used a LCD1602 with an I2C interface piggyback board (approx £5 total). They are a simple way of connecting a LCD1602 to an Arduino and require only three of the Arduino's pins.

Alternatively, you could use a plain LCD1602 (£2.50) which requires 6 Arduino pins. Here's an Instructable.

He uses a rotary encoder which makes setting the menus much quicker. Turning or clicking the encoder triggers a "Pin-Change-Interrupt".

The menu has two new functions:

• Changing frequency ( Low and High) from 0 ... 12 MHz
• Changing delay (from 100µs,200µs,500µs,1ms...1s) (sweep-mode).

The signal gererator currently is powered from a USB-supply but he intends to change that to a Li-ion battery with a boost convertor to give 5V (using a MT3608 SMPS). USB supplies have a lot of noise so the battery will improve the quality of the signal. Of course, a boost convertor might also create noise. Personally, I'd use 4 AA cells or two Li cells and no booster.

The sketch can be downloaded below. A KiCAD PCB layout is available of his GitHub page.

Step 4: Future Developments

Could it be battery powered? Yes, just add a 9V PP3 connected to the RAW pin of the Nano. It typically uses 20mA.

Could it be powered by a single lithium cell? I don't see why not. You should connect the OLED Vdd and its pull-up resistor to the 3.7V battery (I doubt if the 3.3V output of the Arduino would work properly).

A sweep generator is more useful when testing the frequency response of a filter if you can graph amplitude vs frequency. Measuring the amplitude of a signal is tricky - you have to trade off the decay of your envelope detector vs ripple for low frequencies and response time for high frequencies. Having built your amplitude detector, you could feed its output into the ADC of the Arduino of the "Simplest Signal Generator" then send the result, along with the current frequency to the PC.

This page is a useful starting point or search Google for "envelope detector" or "peak detector". In the suggested circuit above, you would set the signal frequency, wait for it to stabilise, set the Arduino A0 pin to output digital low, wait to discharge C, set A0 to input, wait, then measure with the ADC. Let me know how you get on.

Comments

[meneerperenschil]

Great code! I have this working with siggen.exe. However, I'd like to include a pushbutton switch to activate a 100Hz sine. I have included this code in the loop (port/switch setup etc. not shown here). I'm confused (severe lack of knowledge...but learning) on how to treat "freqSGLo = 000100;". I think this is an array, but whatever I do, freqSGLo does not load upwards and change the 9833 output after a press. I think I do not understand or mix up the array readout and the required and/or order of the number of digits...

if (ButtonSineState == 0 {
waveType = wSine;
freqSGLo[numberOfDigits] = 000100; //incorrect format?
SG_freqReset(calcFreq(freqSGLo), waveType);
}

How do I define the correct freqSGLo value/format into the SG_freqReset function to initialize a sine output?

cheers

[Peter Balch]

Which INO file are you using? I'll assume it's AD9833.ino (i.e. without an OLED).

You'll see on line 19 it says

byte freqSGLo[numberOfDigits] = {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0}; // 1000Hz

freqSGLo is an array of bytes - which makes it easy to shift in the digits as they arrive from the PC (on line 153).

Each byte is in the range 0..9 (not '0'..'9');

The least significant digit is in freqSGLo[0].

So to set the frequency to 1234, you say
freqSGLo[0] = 4;
freqSGLo[1] = 3;
freqSGLo[2] = 2;
freqSGLo[3] = 1;
freqSGLo[4] = 0;
freqSGLo[5] = 0;

For 100Hz, it's
freqSGLo[0] = 0;
freqSGLo[1] = 0;
freqSGLo[2] = 1;
freqSGLo[3] = 0;
freqSGLo[4] = 0;
freqSGLo[5] = 0;

Also, If you test for

if (ButtonSineState == 0)

Then the code will execute again and again for as long as you hold the button down - which you may not want. It's more usual to write
static bool prevBtn = 1;
if ((ButtonSineState == 0) && (prevBtn != 0)) {
,,, do the code just once
}
prevBtn = ButtonSineState;

Fussy Arduino programmers would probably say
static bool prevBtn = HIGH;
if (digitalRead(pinBtn) == LOW) {
if (prevBtn == HIGH) {
,,, do the code just once
}
prevBtn = LOW;
} else {
prevBtn = HIGH;
}

But your way of doing it should work just fine.

Peter

[DheenadayalanS]

Valuable post. Keep it up
Kindly let mo the nature of the out put square wave. Is it analog? Please

[Peter Balch]

It's worth looking at the datasheet:
https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-document...

In the introduction it says "FEATURES ... Sinusoidal, triangular, and square wave outputs".

In table 1 it says:
VOUT Maximum 0.65 V
VOUT Minimum 38 mV

On page 12 it says:
The DAC generates an output voltage of typically 0.6 V p-p.

[tharishr]

SH1106.h
header file where can i get

[Peter Balch]

In

https://www.instructables.com/Oscilloscope-in-a-Ma...

As I say above

"A fuller description of the OLED library is in my oscilloscope
Instructable in Step 8. You should download and install the driver
library SimpleSH1106.zip which is in Step 8. (I don't want to upload
another copy here and have to maintain two copies.)"

[audiodiwhy]

Hi Peter: Nice post! thanks for sharing this work. I have been working on a similar project, but I need to do FSK as well, which means going between FREQ1 and FREQ0--best practice according to AD, there are two freq registers available. This should be be a simple! 0x2800 for control (use Freq1, no reset), then 0x8000 twice for freq 1. however, for 2 of the little blue BOBs, I cannot make Freq1 work no matter what. 2 different BOBs, same. I have slammed away at this for over a day and a half! Freq0 (which you use in your code) works great, exactly as you'd expect. I have tried various libraries on the internet, as well as trying all sorts of code variations I wrote myself in C. Tried Arduino Uno and Pico as dev boards--same thing, Does anyone have advice how to make Freq1 work? How to do FSK short of just loading different F0s over and over? If so, Can you plesae send me a series of uint16_ts I can use? Thanks in advance!

[Peter Balch]

The AD9833 data sheet makes FSK look easy.

I didn't try FREQ1. It was 4 years ago and I've rather forgotten what I did.

How fast are you wanting to switch between the two frequencies? What if you just altered the value in the FREQ0 register. Does it change fast enough for you? Does changing FREQ0 reset the Phase Accumulator register or does it just carry on counting?

This person seems to have got it working:

https://ez.analog.com/dds/f/q-a/29688/ad9833-fsk

With FSK, what you're wanting is a smooth transition of the output as it switches between the two frequencies. The 'scope trace they show looks very smooth indeed.

Peter

[audiodiwhy]

Thanks for the reply! Turns out FSK is super easy w 9833 if you don/t make stoopid mistakes : ) I was using the wrong SPI mode (bug in my homemade C library, doh!) and apparently some of the registers work OK in SPI mode 0 and some don't, so yes you need SPI 2 as the datasheet says, for real.

To make FSK go, set F0 and F1 registers, then write FSELECT 1 and 0 bits to control reg to switch between the two F's. No reset, nolthing else needed as far as I could tell. I was switching at pretty high freq and it looked and worked perfectly no glitches or hiccups. Impressive for a affordable FG breakout board.

[mausi_mick]

Hi Peter, again a very nice project !
Inspired from your project I made some modification:
on the hardware:
- LCD1602 instead of the small OLED.
- rotary encoder with push-button

on the software:
- Pin-Change-Interrupt for the Encoder and the Push-Button
- instead of Serial.Read() I use the push-button an the encoder
for work off the Commands.
- I have expand the menu with two functions:
- Changing frequency ( Low and High) from 0 ... 12 MHz
- Changing delay (from 100µs,200µs,500µs,1ms...1s) (sweep-mode).

Because of the quick response of the input from encoder and push-button it's easy to change
the input values.

Now the function-generator is very flexible and I hope useful.
.

If You have interest, I can send the code and perhaps a small video video on YouTube.

mausi_mick
-

[Peter Balch]

Do you want me to add your design as an extra "step"?

I'll need a schematic, the code, a photo and maybe some text.

Or could you write your own Instructable?

I can't remember if you have my email address. Just google for peterbalch.

[mausi_mick]

Ji Peter,

ready to Christmas !
I made a layout with Kicad,

here are the files and pictures:


... and peaceful feast days

Kalle

[Peter Balch]

I have added your design as a new Step. Please let me know if you'd like me to change anything.

Peter

[mausi_mick]

High Peter,
You had a lot of work , Thanks !

But I think it is perhaps better and not so much effort for You , if I put all changes and extensions in the github repository.
Now I have modified the encoder (normal ext. ISR PIN2 and Pin3 , and only the push-button with PCI).

I intend to expand the program with a digital precision-current-source
(1 µA ... 4.095 mA step-width 1µA) / (10 µA ...40.95 mA step-width 10µ A ) and some other functions.

Kalle

[Peter Balch]

That's a good way of doing it. Does it run off a battery?

If you want to send me the code, the circuit and a photo, I could add it to the instructable as another Step.

[mausi_mick]

At the moment it works on the USB-supply, but I will use a small Lion-Battery and step up to 5V with a MT3608. I hope it has no influence on the signal quality below about 2 MHz.
I have made some changes by the commands:

// 0 'S': start Sine
// 1 'T': start Triangle
// 2 'Q': start Square
// 3 'L': set Freq.-Low
// 4 'H': set Freq.-High
// 5 'F': set Freq.-Low and Freq-High
// 6 'G': start Sweep
// 7 'M': swap Freq. Low <--> High
// 8 'D': set / change Delay sweep
// 9 'W': set / change Nr./Pos. sweep
//10 'R': Reset AD9833

I have a question to 'M' move in Your program:

You copy freq-Low to freq. High, but delete the old High-freq.
Is it right ?
I have change my program and swap Low to High and (old-)High to Low.
So have two frequencies and if I need the other, I can quick
swap.

I can send You the program on this way ?

Karl Ernst Ruessmann

[Peter Balch]

Thanks for the files. I'm beginning to write an extra Step.

The schematic is rather small and hard to read. Can you send a bigger one please.

And do you have a photo?

> You copy freq-Low to freq. High, but delete the old High-freq.
Is it right ?

I can't remember how the code works and I'm a bit busy with Christmas just now. Could it be that I am treating the High and Low variables as a queue - if you send N values, the latest two become High and Low?

Peter

[mausi_mick]

next test

[mausi_mick]

Hi Peter,
thanks for the quick response on the special day !

I'll send You 3 Pictures (from Kicad) but I can also send the original to Your mail-address like the Arduino sketch ?

[digeratilove]

wow...simple is the best policy.... you did it.... i want to make this project now...^^