Introduction: Brobot: the Emotionally Responsive Robot
This instructable was created in fulfillment of the project requirement of the Makecourse at the University of South Florida (www.makecourse.com)
I was sitting in my apartment one day trying to think of a project for my brand new Arduino Uno micro controller. The Pixar movie Wall E was on TV, and I was admiring the level of emotions Wall E could display even with a distinctly non-human robotic face. My dog Leo was sitting next to me staring up at me with his adoring puppy eyes and it hit me: It doesn't matter how realistic or human a face is, emotions can be effectively conveyed through very basic visual movements. I could potentially make a very simple robot that could look around and appear to be emotionally responsive! All I had to do was make it cute... simple right? The solution was to make the robot unrealistic. I had to actually steer clear of giving it human features.
The concept of the "Uncanny Valley" has been around a very long time, and I believe it is crucial to understand what it means if you are going to build a robot that will handle human interaction. Katherine Ladd, a blogger over at wordpress (KatherineLad.com), describes the Uncanny Valley as
"the place where a robot’s similarity to a human, without being actually exactly like a human, becomes unacceptable and downright unsettling."
The above picture from her website even uses Wall E as a comparison.
So I started designing a simple emotional robot. I decided to use two 8x8 LED displays for the eyes because they allow flexibility. I can easily tweak them at any time and as often as I want by adjusting the bit maps to my liking. To add another more physical emotional trait, I also added micro-servo controlled eyebrows. My theory was that these eyebrows along with the eyes and head movement would be the only things I would need to convey my robot's emotions. Last but not least, my robot needed a name. And thus, Brobot was born!
Attachments
Step 1: Control
Brobot has a pan servo and a tilt servo so that he can look around and move his head freely. He also has two smaller eyebrow servos attached to his face. His eyes are made of two 8x8 LED displays. An LCD screen displays a greeting upon startup, then always displays Brobots current emotion. A proximity sensor allows brobot to act surprised when something is a little too close for comfort. Brobot makes noises during each emotion change depending on his next emotion.
A wave shield takes wave files from an SD card and outputs the sounds to a small speaker. A bluetooth module allows me to control brobot's emotions with the touch of a button on my smartphone. I wrote an application that sends data signals to the arduino through bluetooth. I can also control Brobot's head with the same application.
Attachments
Step 2: Preparation
Brobot was a relatively difficult project for me, since it was my first real experience with programming micro controllers. Please attempt some of the tutorials included with the free downloadable Arduino IDE before taking this project on. You will need the following items before you can make your own Brobot:
- 1x Arduino Uno micro controller
- 1x Adafruit Wave Shield for Arduino
- 1x 16x8 1.2" LED Matrix + Backpack
- 1x 16x2 LCD Character Display w/ I2C backpack
- 2x Standard Sized Hobby Servos (4.8V/6.0V)
- 1x Pan Tilt Servo Brackets (These can be 3D printed using .step files I've provided, but I bought mine)
- 1x HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
- 1x 1 Watt 8 Ohm Small Speaker
- 1x 4 AA Battery Holder with Vdd and Gnd Wires
- 2x SG90 9G Micro Servos
- 1x USB Power Wall Adapter
- 1x 40p 200mm Male-to-Female Dupont Cables
- 1x 40p 200mm Female-to_Male Jumper Cables
- 1x 8 GB microSDHC Class 4 Flash Memory Card SDC4/8GBET
- 1x Arduino Wireless Bluetooth Transceiver Module Slave 4 Pin Serial
- 1x Breadboard with 2 Power Rails and 50p Jumper Cables
Step 3: 3D Printing
I designed all of Brobot's 3D printed parts in Autodesk Inventor 2015. I also imported .step files of all the visible non-3D printed components from GrabCAD.com so that I could animate a full 3D model of my robot before I built it. This ensured all of the parts would fit together nicely before I spent my money on the plastic filament. I am a student at the University of South Florida, so I had access to an awesome 3D printing center run by Mr. Howard Kaplan. In real time, I was able to see how my designs were being transformed into layers of plastic filament. I had to modify some of my designs to accommodate the limitations of 3D printing. Along the way I gained interesting knowledge about the 3D printing process from Mr. Kaplan and the student workers. I have provided (in the zipped MAKE folder) the Inventor files for the whole project and the .stl files for each individual 3D printed part. Either PLA or ABS filament types would work fine with this project.
Step 4: Assembly
In order to assemble this project, I needed to find screws and nuts of many different sizes. This is because I foolishly made the screw holes for each component different instead of setting a standard hole size throughout the design. This caused many trips to Ace Hardware Store (luckily just across the street from my apartment) to find correct screw sizes. Below I have listed all of the screw sizes needed for this project:
- 4x 5/8 steel screw
- 8x 4-40x3/4 steel screw
- 12x 4-40x1/2 steel screw
- 20x 4-40 steel nut
- 4x 6-32x1/2 oval
- 4x6-32 nut
- UnfortunateIy, I only have the Ace item #s for the rest of the hardware:
- 4x item # 43129-G
- 4x item # 43127-E
- 8x item # 4053-L
In the pictures above, I have highlighted each 3D printed part and how it fastens to the rest of the enclosure. The two eyebrow servos slide into the face plate from behind and can be screwed in. The pan servo sinks down into the neck and can be screwed in.
To assemble the pan tilt servos into the brackets, I used this link and followed the instructions:
http://www.robotshop.com/media/files/PDF/lynxmotion-pan-and-tilt-assembly.pdf
Depending on where you buy your Wave Shield, you may need to assemble it yourself. Adafruit wrote a great set of instructions concerning the assembly and use of the Wave Shield here:
https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-wave-shield-audio-shield-for-arduino
Step 5: Wiring
Since this robot has so many components working together in a relatively small enclosure, the wiring can get a little hairy as you can see.
This can be prevented by using smaller jumper wires and some wire management practices. I ended up using electrical tape to bunch groups of wires together and avoid the "bird's nest" look.
Power
I only ever used the breadboard power rails in my design. I needed two different power rails: one for the four servo power supply, and the one the Arduino was powering for everything else. The servos needed to be powered separately because they draw more voltage than the arduino can supply. I am using 4 AA batteries (4 x 1.5 = 6 V) for the servos.
The Gnd rail for the servo power supply must be connected to Gnd on the Arduino for the servos to operate correctly!
LCD
The LCD I am using came with an I2C backpack which reduces the amount of pins it requires to just two: SDA and SCLK, which are connected to pins A0 and A1. The other two wires are for Vdd and Gnd.
Wave Shield
The wave shield sits on top of the Arduino just like any other shield. It uses pins 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
Bluetooth Module
The bluetooth module has Vdd, Gnd, and a transmit pin which must be hooked up to the receive (RX) pin 0 on the Arduino. That is how it sends data to the Arduino to control Brobot.
HC-SR04 Sensor
The ultrasonic sensor has Vdd, Gnd, trigger, and echo pins. The trigger and echo pins are used to calculate distance, and are connected to pins 7 and 8 on the Arduino.
8x8 LEDs
The LED displays are both connected to the same backpack which takes all 32 pins and consolidates them into an I2C interface. This is a huge pin saver, and both matrices end up only taking up the SDA and SCLK pins on the Arduino. This backpack also has Vdd and Gnd wires.
Servos
Each servo is connected to the servo power rail through Vdd and Gnd. Pins A5 - A2 are for Pan, Tilt, Left Brow, and Right Brow data lines. I had to use a SoftServo Library to get these servos to work on these pins (explained more in the code section).
Speaker
The speaker has two wires connected to the two pins just behind the heaphone jack on the wave shield. They are unnamed, and it doesn't matter which speaker wire is plugged into which pin.
Step 6: Code!
I have included 4 files that you can download:
Brobot.apk:
This is the app I made using MIT App Inventor, a free online android app IDE. Put this file on your Android device, and it will show up as an application. Above you will see how I wrote this app in App Inventor. You can design the menu layout with buttons and control options, then you go to a block view where you can actually program the app using preset blocks. This makes the programming very easy.
Brobot.zip:
This zipped folder contains Brobot.h and Brobot.cpp.
Brobot.h contains the Brobot class function instantiations, variable declarations, and the bit maps for all of the emotions displayed on the LED eyes. These bit maps allow me to change how each emotion looks quickly by changing each bit individually.
Brobot.cpp contains all of the function definitions for the Brobot class. The most important functions here include:
updateFace: This function controls what emotion Brobot is currently displaying and what emotion he will be displaying next. It also handles the random blinks and what the LCD is showing.
playComplete: This function handles the different sounds Brobot will make depending on his emotions.
checkProx: This is the function that determines whether Brobot should immediately stop what he is doing and act surprised. It generates an interrrupt.
brobot_sketch.zip:
This folder is self explanatory. It contains the main sketch that I wrote for Brobot. It basically instantiates all of Brobot's timers and variables, and updates the face every loop. It also handles all of the servo control because for some reason I couldn't get the servos to work in their own function in Brobot.cpp. The servos all have current and next angle variables which enable the servos to move one or less times ever loop until the current angle is equal to the net angle.
BBSounds.zip:
This folder contains all of the wav files for each sound Brobot can make. To load these onto the wave shield, just pop out the SD card, put it in your computer, and drag and drop which sounds you want to use for Brobot onto the SD card. Then just pop it back into the wave shield, change the file names in the playComplete function to the file names you loaded onto the card, and listen to Brobot make funny noises! All of the free open source sounds were downloaded from this website: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Sound_samples
/************************************************************* // Brobot: Header File
// This file contains the Brobot class function and variable
// declarations as well as the led bitmaps for each emotion // Programmer: Chris Frazier // Date: 4/8/2015 **************************************************************/
#ifndef BROBOT_H #define BROBOT_H
#include "Arduino.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\Wire\Wire.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\SoftwareServo\SoftwareServo.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\Adafruit_LEDBackpack\Adafruit_LEDBackpack.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\Adafruit_GFX\Adafruit_GFX.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\WaveHC\FatReader.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\WaveHC\SdReader.h" #include #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\WaveHC\WaveUtil.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\WaveHC\WaveHC.h" #include "C:\Users\ChristopherEvan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\LiquidCrystal_I2C\LiquidCrystal_I2C.h"
// Each emotion is represented by an integer from 0 - 6 #define NEUTRAL 0xF0 #define HAPPY 0xF1 #define SAD 0xF2 #define ANGRY 0xF3 #define SURPRISED 0xF4 #define LOVE 0xF5 #define BLINK 0xF6 #define NECK_SPEED 1 #define MAX_TILT_ANGLE 135 #define MIN_TILT_ANGLE 65 #define MAX_PAN_ANGLE 120 #define MIN_PAN_ANGLE 40
class Brobot{
public:
Brobot(byte, byte, byte, byte, byte, byte); //Constructor
void setup();
void setEmotion(byte); // Allows main file to access current emotion
void updateFace();
bool checkProx();
void playComplete();
void playFile(char*);
byte freeRam();
void sdErrorCheck();
void checkBT();
SoftwareServo pan;
SoftwareServo tilt;
SoftwareServo leftBrow;
SoftwareServo rightBrow;
byte currentEmotion;
byte nextEmotion;
byte incomingByte;
byte currentPanAngle;
byte currentTiltAngle;
byte nextPanAngle;
byte nextTiltAngle;
byte currentLBAngle;
byte currentRBAngle;
byte nextLBAngle;
byte nextRBAngle;
byte neckSpeed;
byte neckTimer;
bool headMoveToggle;
bool upToggle;
bool downToggle;
bool leftToggle;
bool rightToggle;
bool soundToggle;
bool togglePause;
SdReader card; // This object holds the information for the card
FatVolume vol; // This holds the information for the partition on the card
FatReader root; // This holds the information for the filesystem on the card
FatReader f; // This holds the information for the file we're play
WaveHC wave; // This is the only wave (audio) object, since we will only play one at a time
private:
void displayString(const char *);
byte previousEmotion;
byte blinkTimer;
byte surpriseTimer;
byte triggerPin;
byte echoPin;
bool _setup;
byte randSound;
byte k;
char myChar;
};#endif
static const uint8_t PROGMEM
happyL_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00011100,
B00100100,
B01011100,
B01011100,
B00100100,
B00011100,
B00000000 },
happyR_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00011100,
B00100100,
B01011100,
B01011100,
B00100100,
B00011100,
B00000000 },
neutralL_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00111100,
B01000010,
B01011010,
B01011010,
B01000010,
B00111100,
B00000000 },
neutralR_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00111100,
B01000010,
B01011010,
B01011010,
B01000010,
B00111100,
B00000000 },
angryL_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00001100,
B00010010,
B00111010,
B01011010,
B11000010,
B00111100,
B00000000 },
angryR_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00111100,
B11000010,
B01011010,
B00111010,
B00010010,
B00001100,
B00000000 },
surprisedL_bmp[] =
{ B01111110,
B10000001,
B10000001,
B10011001,
B10011001,
B10000001,
B10000001,
B01111110 },
surprisedR_bmp[] =
{ B01111110,
B10000001,
B10000001,
B10011001,
B10011001,
B10000001,
B10000001,
B01111110 },
sadL_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00111100,
B01000010,
B01011010,
B00111010,
B00010010,
B00001100,
B00000000 },
sadR_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00001100,
B00010010,
B00111010,
B01011010,
B01000010,
B00111100,
B00000000 },
loveL_bmp[] =
{ B01111000,
B10000100,
B10000010,
B01011001,
B01011001,
B10000010,
B10000100,
B01111000 },
loveR_bmp[] =
{ B01111000,
B10000100,
B10000010,
B01011001,
B01011001,
B10000010,
B10000100,
B01111000 },
blink_bmp[] =
{ B00000000,
B00000100,
B00000010,
B00000010,
B00000010,
B00000010,
B00000100,
B00000000 };
<p>/*************************************************************<br>// Brobot: Source File
// This file contains the Brobot class function
// definitions
// Programmer: Chris Frazier
// Date: 4/8/2015
**************************************************************/</p><p>#include "Brobot.h"</p><p>// Create led matrix instance using Adafruit's library
Adafruit_8x16matrix ledmatrix = Adafruit_8x16matrix();
LiquidCrystal_I2C myDisplay = LiquidCrystal_I2C(0x27, 16, 2);
// save some messages
const char emotion[] PROGMEM = {"Emotion: "};
const char blank[] PROGMEM = {" "};
const char hello[] PROGMEM = {"Hello, "};
const char imBrobot[] PROGMEM = {"I'm Brobot! "};
const char neutral[] PROGMEM = {"NEUTRAL "};
const char happy[] PROGMEM = {"HAPPY "};
const char sad[] PROGMEM = {"SAD "};
const char angry[] PROGMEM = {"ANGRY "};
const char surprised[] PROGMEM = {"SURPRISED "};
const char love[] PROGMEM = {"LOVE "};
// Constructor: lets user set the pins
Brobot::Brobot(byte pp, byte tp, byte lbp, byte rbp, byte ep, byte trgp){
triggerPin = trgp;
echoPin = ep;
neckTimer = 0;
neckSpeed = NECK_SPEED;
previousEmotion = NEUTRAL;
currentEmotion = HAPPY;
nextEmotion = HAPPY;
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); //set pinmodes for prox sensor
pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);
soundToggle = false;
togglePause = false;
}</p><p>void Brobot::displayString(const char *message){
for (k = 0; k < 15; k++)
{
myChar = pgm_read_byte_near(message + k);
myDisplay.print(myChar);
}
}</p><p>// Used during setup; initializes Brobot's face
void Brobot::setup() {
ledmatrix.begin(0x70);
myDisplay.init(); //initialize the lcd
myDisplay.backlight();//this turns the backlight on
displayString(hello);
//this sets the cursor of the display to the second row and 9th character position in that row
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
//then we print at the cursor position
displayString(imBrobot);
playComplete();
delay(2000);
myDisplay.setCursor(0,0);
displayString(emotion);
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(neutral);
_setup = true;
updateFace();
_setup = false;
}</p><p>// Allows main file access to next emotion
void Brobot::setEmotion(byte i) {
nextEmotion = i;
}</p><p>// Decides which emotion to display on Brobot's face
void Brobot::updateFace() {
// Generates random blinks
if(currentEmotion != BLINK) {
if(random(1000) == 0) {
nextEmotion = BLINK;
blinkTimer = 50;
}
} // decrements blink timer to make sure Brobot doesn't fall asleep!
else if (currentEmotion == BLINK) {
if(blinkTimer > 0) {
blinkTimer--;
}
else {
// Return to previous emotion after blink
nextEmotion = previousEmotion;
}
} // check the prox sensor and surprise Brobot
if(!_setup && !togglePause){
if (checkProx()) {
nextEmotion = SURPRISED;
surpriseTimer = 100;
} // make sure Brobot doesn't go into shock!
else if(!checkProx()){
if(surpriseTimer > 0) {
surpriseTimer--;
}
else if(currentEmotion != BLINK){
if (nextEmotion == currentEmotion) {
// Return to previous emotion after surprise
nextEmotion = previousEmotion;
}
}
}
}
// Change emotions if next emotion is different
// This prevents from updating every loop and wasting power
if (nextEmotion != currentEmotion) {
if (nextEmotion == NEUTRAL) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, neutralR_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, neutralL_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = NEUTRAL;
previousEmotion = NEUTRAL;
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(neutral);
soundToggle = true;
}
else if (nextEmotion == HAPPY) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, happyR_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, happyL_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = HAPPY;
previousEmotion = HAPPY;
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(happy);
soundToggle = true;
}
else if (nextEmotion == SAD) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, sadR_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, sadL_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = SAD;
previousEmotion = SAD;
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(sad);
soundToggle = true;
}
else if (nextEmotion == ANGRY) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, angryR_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, angryL_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = ANGRY;
previousEmotion = ANGRY;
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(angry);
soundToggle = true;
}
else if (nextEmotion == SURPRISED) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, surprisedR_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, surprisedL_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = SURPRISED;
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(surprised);
soundToggle = true;
}
else if (nextEmotion == LOVE) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, loveR_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, loveL_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = LOVE;
previousEmotion = LOVE;
myDisplay.setCursor(1,8);
displayString(love);
soundToggle = true;
}
else if (nextEmotion == BLINK) {
ledmatrix.clear();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 0, blink_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
ledmatrix.drawBitmap(0, 8, blink_bmp, 8, 8, LED_ON);
ledmatrix.writeDisplay();
currentEmotion = BLINK;
}
}SoftwareServo::refresh();
}</p><p>// Check and see if someone is too close to Brobot
bool Brobot::checkProx(){
digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH); // make a 10usec pulse
delayMicroseconds(10);</p><p> digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);</p><p> float distance = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); //now read the pulse that is sent back by the sensor
//pulseIn returns the pulse length in usec</p><p> distance = distance / 58;
if (distance < 6){
return true;
}
else{
return false;
}
}</p><p>void Brobot::checkBT(){
while (Serial.available()) {
delay(3);
incomingByte = Serial.read();
}
if ((incomingByte < 0xFE) && (incomingByte >= 0xE0)) {
// Set emotion corresponding to byte received
if (incomingByte > -1) {
Serial.println(incomingByte);
setEmotion(incomingByte);
if(incomingByte == 0xE0) {
headMoveToggle = !headMoveToggle;
}
if(incomingByte == 0xE1){
upToggle = !upToggle;
}
else if(incomingByte == 0xE3){
leftToggle = !leftToggle;
}
else if(incomingByte == 0xE2){
rightToggle = !rightToggle;
}
else if(incomingByte == 0xE4){
downToggle = !downToggle;
}
}
incomingByte = -1;
}
}</p><p>// Plays a full file from beginning to end with no pause.
void Brobot::playComplete() {
// call our helper to find and play this name
//SoftwareServo::refresh();
//delay(30);</p><p> if(currentEmotion == NEUTRAL){
randSound = random(1,15);
if(randSound == 1) {
playFile("NEUT1.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 2){
playFile("NEUT2.WAV");
}
}
else if(currentEmotion == HAPPY){
randSound = random(1,3);
if(randSound == 1) {
playFile("HAPPY1.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 2){
playFile("HAPPY2.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 3){
playFile("HAPPY3.WAV");
}
}
else if(currentEmotion == SAD){
randSound = random(1,3);
if(randSound == 1) {
playFile("SAD1.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 2){
playFile("SAD2.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 3){
playFile("SAD3.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 4){
playFile("SAD4.WAV");
}
}
else if(currentEmotion == ANGRY){
randSound = random(1,3);
if(randSound == 1) {
playFile("ANGRY1.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 2){
playFile("ANGRY2.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 3){
playFile("ANGRY3.WAV");
}
}
else if(currentEmotion == SURPRISED){
randSound = random(1,6);
if(randSound == 1) {
playFile("SURP1.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 2){
playFile("SURP2.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 3){
playFile("SURP3.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 4){
playFile("SURP4.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 5){
playFile("SURP6.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 6){
playFile("SURP6.WAV");
}
}
else if(currentEmotion == LOVE){
randSound = random(1,3);
if(randSound == 1) {
playFile("LOVE1.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 2){
playFile("LOVE2.WAV");
}
else if(randSound == 3){
playFile("LOVE3.WAV");
}
}soundToggle = false;</p><p> while(wave.isplaying) {
// pause
}
// now its done playing
}
void Brobot::playFile(char *name) {
// see if the wave object is currently doing something
if (wave.isplaying) {// already playing something, so stop it!
wave.stop(); // stop it
}
// look in the root directory and open the file
if (!f.open(root, name)) {
putstring("Couldn't open file "); Serial.print(name); return;
}
// OK read the file and turn it into a wave object
if (!wave.create(f)) {
putstring_nl("Not a valid WAV"); return;
}
// ok time to play! start playback
wave.play();
}
// this handy function will return the number of bytes currently free in RAM, great for debugging!
byte Brobot::freeRam(void)
{
extern int __bss_end;
extern int *__brkval;
int free_memory;
if((int)__brkval == 0) {
free_memory = ((int)&free_memory) - ((int)&__bss_end);
}
else {
free_memory = ((int)&free_memory) - ((int)__brkval);
}
return free_memory;
} </p><p>void Brobot::sdErrorCheck(void)
{
if (!card.errorCode()) return;
putstring("\n\rSD I/O error: ");
Serial.print(card.errorCode(), HEX);
putstring(", ");
Serial.println(card.errorData(), HEX);
while(1);
}</p><p>/*************************************************************<br>// Brobot: Main File
// This file contains the setup and execution loop for the Arduino
// while Brobot is in operation.
// Programmer: Chris Frazier
// Date: 4/8/2015
**************************************************************/</p><p>#include "Wire.h"
#include "SoftwareServo.h"
#include "Adafruit_LEDBackpack.h"
#include "Adafruit_GFX.h"
#include
#include
#include "WaveHC.h"</p><p>#define panPin 14 // This is the pan servo pin
#define tiltPin 15 // This is the tilt servo pin
#define leftBrowPin 16 // This is the left eyebrow servo pin
#define rightBrowPin 17 // This is the right eyebrow servo pin
#define echoPin 8 // This is the echo pin
#define triggerPin 7 // This is the trigger pin</p><p>// Create an instance of Brobot
Brobot myBrobot(panPin, tiltPin, leftBrowPin, rightBrowPin, echoPin, triggerPin);</p><p>void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Set baud rate for serial protocol
putstring("Free RAM: "); // This can help with debugging, running out of RAM is bad
Serial.println(myBrobot.freeRam()); // if this is under 150 bytes it may spell trouble!
// Set the output pins for the DAC control. This pins are defined in the library
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
// if (!card.init(true)) { //play with 4 MHz spi if 8MHz isn't working for you
if (!myBrobot.card.init()) { //play with 8 MHz spi (default faster!)
putstring_nl("Card init. failed!"); // Something went wrong, lets print out why
myBrobot.sdErrorCheck();
while(1); // then 'halt' - do nothing!
}
// enable optimize read - some cards may timeout. Disable if you're having problems
myBrobot.card.partialBlockRead(true);
// Now we will look for a FAT partition!
uint8_t part;
for (part = 0; part < 5; part++) { // we have up to 5 slots to look in
if (myBrobot.vol.init(myBrobot.card, part))
break; // we found one, lets bail
}
if (part == 5) { // if we ended up not finding one :(
putstring_nl("No valid FAT partition!");
myBrobot.sdErrorCheck(); // Something went wrong, lets print out why
while(1); // then 'halt' - do nothing!
}
// Lets tell the user about what we found
putstring("Using partition ");
Serial.print(part, DEC);
putstring(", type is FAT");
Serial.println(myBrobot.vol.fatType(),DEC); // FAT16 or FAT32?
// Try to open the root directory
if (!myBrobot.root.openRoot(myBrobot.vol)) {
putstring_nl("Can't open root dir!"); // Something went wrong,
while(1); // then 'halt' - do nothing!
}
// Initialize all of Brobot's public variables
myBrobot.incomingByte = -1;
myBrobot.currentPanAngle = 90;
myBrobot.currentTiltAngle = 90;
myBrobot.nextPanAngle = 90;
myBrobot.nextTiltAngle = 90;
myBrobot.currentLBAngle = 90;
myBrobot.currentRBAngle = 90;
myBrobot.neckTimer = 400;
myBrobot.neckSpeed = NECK_SPEED;
myBrobot.headMoveToggle = 0;
myBrobot.leftToggle = 0;
myBrobot.rightToggle = 0;
myBrobot.upToggle = 0;
myBrobot.downToggle = 0;
// Run Brobot setup function (initializes LED eyes)
myBrobot.setup();
// Attach and initialize all 4 servos
myBrobot.pan.attach(panPin);
myBrobot.tilt.attach(tiltPin);
myBrobot.leftBrow.attach(leftBrowPin);
myBrobot.rightBrow.attach(rightBrowPin);
myBrobot.pan.write(myBrobot.currentPanAngle);
delay(20);
myBrobot.tilt.write(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle);
myBrobot.leftBrow.write(myBrobot.currentLBAngle);
myBrobot.rightBrow.write(myBrobot.currentRBAngle);
//SoftwareServo::refresh();
delay(20);
myBrobot.updateFace();
delay(2000);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
}
void loop()
{
// Every loop check for Bluetooth data
myBrobot.checkBT();
// The following code sets Brobot's eyebrow positions
// - -
if(myBrobot.nextEmotion == NEUTRAL) {
//myBrobot.togglePause = true;
myBrobot.nextLBAngle = 90;
myBrobot.nextRBAngle = 90;
while((myBrobot.currentLBAngle != myBrobot.nextLBAngle) || (myBrobot.currentRBAngle != myBrobot.nextRBAngle)){
if(myBrobot.currentLBAngle < myBrobot.nextLBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentLBAngle > myBrobot.nextLBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle--;
}
if(myBrobot.currentRBAngle < myBrobot.nextRBAngle){
myBrobot.currentRBAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentRBAngle > myBrobot.nextRBAngle){
myBrobot.currentRBAngle--;
}
myBrobot.leftBrow.write(myBrobot.currentLBAngle);
myBrobot.rightBrow.write(myBrobot.currentRBAngle);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
}
//if((myBrobot.currentLBAngle == myBrobot.nextLBAngle) && (myBrobot.currentRBAngle == myBrobot.nextRBAngle)){
// myBrobot.togglePause = false;
//}
}
// / \
else if(myBrobot.nextEmotion == SURPRISED || myBrobot.nextEmotion == HAPPY || myBrobot.nextEmotion == SAD || myBrobot.nextEmotion == LOVE) {
//myBrobot.togglePause = true;
myBrobot.nextLBAngle = 120;
myBrobot.nextRBAngle = 60;
while((myBrobot.currentLBAngle != myBrobot.nextLBAngle) || (myBrobot.currentRBAngle != myBrobot.nextRBAngle)){
if(myBrobot.currentLBAngle < myBrobot.nextLBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentLBAngle > myBrobot.nextLBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle--;
}
if(myBrobot.currentRBAngle < myBrobot.nextRBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentRBAngle > myBrobot.nextRBAngle){
myBrobot.currentRBAngle--;
}
myBrobot.leftBrow.write(myBrobot.currentLBAngle);
myBrobot.rightBrow.write(myBrobot.currentRBAngle);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
}
//if((myBrobot.currentLBAngle == myBrobot.nextLBAngle) && (myBrobot.currentRBAngle == myBrobot.nextRBAngle)){
// myBrobot.togglePause = false;
//}
}
// \ /
else if(myBrobot.nextEmotion == ANGRY) {
//myBrobot.togglePause = true;
myBrobot.nextLBAngle = 60;
myBrobot.nextRBAngle = 120;
while((myBrobot.currentLBAngle != myBrobot.nextLBAngle) || (myBrobot.currentRBAngle != myBrobot.nextRBAngle)){
if(myBrobot.currentLBAngle < myBrobot.nextLBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentLBAngle > myBrobot.nextLBAngle){
myBrobot.currentLBAngle--;
}
if(myBrobot.currentRBAngle < myBrobot.nextRBAngle){
myBrobot.currentRBAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentRBAngle > myBrobot.nextRBAngle){
myBrobot.currentRBAngle--;
}
myBrobot.leftBrow.write(myBrobot.currentLBAngle);
myBrobot.rightBrow.write(myBrobot.currentRBAngle);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
}
//if((myBrobot.currentLBAngle == myBrobot.nextLBAngle) && (myBrobot.currentRBAngle == myBrobot.nextRBAngle)){
// myBrobot.togglePause = false;
//}
}
SoftwareServo::refresh();
// Update Brobot's face each loop
myBrobot.updateFace();
/* The following code controls the pan/tilt neck servos
// Brobot will randomly look in a defined set of angles for both pan and tilt.
// Each loop, if the current servo position variable is not at the same position
// as the next position variable, the servos will increment/decrement the current
// angle by 1 as needed. The neckSpeed variable causes the pan/tilt servos to only
// change every *neckspeed* loop cycle. The neckTimer variable causes Brobot to pause
// before looking in another direction.
*/
if(myBrobot.headMoveToggle == 0){
if (myBrobot.currentPanAngle == myBrobot.nextPanAngle){
if(myBrobot.neckTimer == 0){
myBrobot.nextPanAngle = random(MIN_PAN_ANGLE, MAX_PAN_ANGLE);
myBrobot.nextTiltAngle = random(MIN_TILT_ANGLE, MAX_TILT_ANGLE);
}
else {
myBrobot.neckTimer--;
}
}
else {
myBrobot.neckSpeed--;
myBrobot.neckTimer = random(60, 80);
if(myBrobot.neckSpeed == 0){
if(millis() % 2 == 0) {
if(myBrobot.currentPanAngle < myBrobot.nextPanAngle){
myBrobot.currentPanAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentPanAngle > myBrobot.nextPanAngle){
myBrobot.currentPanAngle--;
}
myBrobot.pan.write(myBrobot.currentPanAngle);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
//delay(10);
}
else {
if(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle < myBrobot.nextTiltAngle){
myBrobot.currentTiltAngle++;
}
else if(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle > myBrobot.nextTiltAngle){
myBrobot.currentTiltAngle--;
}
myBrobot.tilt.write(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
}
myBrobot.neckSpeed = NECK_SPEED;
}
}
}
else {
myBrobot.neckSpeed--;
if(myBrobot.neckSpeed == 0){
if(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle <= MAX_TILT_ANGLE) {
if(myBrobot.upToggle){
myBrobot.currentTiltAngle++;
}
}
if(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle >= MIN_TILT_ANGLE) {
if(myBrobot.downToggle){
myBrobot.currentTiltAngle--;
}
}
if(myBrobot.currentPanAngle <= MAX_PAN_ANGLE) {
if(myBrobot.rightToggle){
myBrobot.currentPanAngle++;
}
}
if(myBrobot.currentPanAngle >= MIN_PAN_ANGLE) {
if(myBrobot.leftToggle){
myBrobot.currentPanAngle--;
}
}
myBrobot.pan.write(myBrobot.currentPanAngle);
myBrobot.tilt.write(myBrobot.currentTiltAngle);
SoftwareServo::refresh();
delay(10);
myBrobot.neckSpeed = NECK_SPEED;
}
}
if(myBrobot.soundToggle && !myBrobot.togglePause){
SoftwareServo::refresh();
//delay(200);
myBrobot.playComplete();
}
}</p>
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